TABLE 2.
PERIOD-SPECIFIC MEANS AND SE FOR PULMONARY INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS
| Pre-Olympics |
During-Olympics |
Post-Olympics |
||||
| Biomarkers | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE |
| FeNO, ppb* | 11.76 | 1.04 | 5.80 | 1.04 | 12.51 | 1.04 |
| EBC nitrite, μM* | 7.33 | 1.03 | 4.71 | 1.03 | 4.69 | 1.04 |
| EBC nitrate, μM* | 2.79 | 1.04 | 2.61 | 1.04 | 4.23 | 1.05 |
| EBC nitrite + nitrate, μM* | 10.48 | 1.03 | 7.68 | 1.03 | 10.37 | 1.03 |
| EBC pH | 7.43 | 0.03 | 7.46 | 0.03 | 7.61 | 0.03 |
| EBC 8-isoprostane, % ≥DL 1.56 pg/ml | 68 | N/A | 44 | N/A | 74 | N/A |
| Urinary 8-OHdG, mg/mol* | 3.70 | 1.12 | 2.22 | 1.12 | 3.34 | 1.12 |
Definition of abbreviations: DL= detection limit; EBC = exhaled breath condensate; FeNO = fractional exhaled nitric oxide; 8-OHdG = 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine.
The results are based on period estimates from mixed-effects models, accounting for the repeated measures but not adjusting for covariates.
*
Biomarkers had skewed data distributions, for which geometric means were reported.