Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants at baseline and incident heart failure across quartiles of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (n = 13 360)
| FEV1 quartile at baselinea |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristicb | Q1 (0.5–2.3 L), n = 3415 | Q2 (2.3–2.8 L), n = 3415 | Q3 (2.8–3.3 L), n = 3415 | Q4 (3.3–5.9 L), n = 3415 |
| Demographic/lifestyle/clinical | ||||
| Age (in years) | 56.06 (5.6) | 54.15 (5.7) | 53.45 (5.7) | 52.62 (5.4) |
| Male | 14.6 | 21.5 | 51.2 | 93.3 |
| African American | 39.1 | 27.2 | 20.6 | 11.6 |
| Hypertension | 41.8 | 31.7 | 29.7 | 23.5 |
| Diabetes | 15.1 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 7.4 |
| Current smoker | 36.5 | 25.3 | 21.6 | 17.7 |
| Former smoker | 21.3 | 26.6 | 34.7 | 44.8 |
| Cigarette-years of smoking | 361.6 (467.9) | 269 (397.5) | 305.6 (434.5) | 307.9 (386.3) |
| Usual ethanol intake (g/week) | 27.9 (82.3) | 31.2 (75.6) | 49.1 (107.1) | 62.6 (106.3) |
| Height (cm) | 161.9(7.5) | 164.8 (7.1) | 169.9 (7.3) | 177.6 (6.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124.9 (20.4) | 120.1 (18.4) | 119.4 (18.1) | 118.4 (15.6) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.2 (11.8) | 72.6 (10.9) | 73.5 (11.0) | 74.4 (10.3) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 139.4 (42.0) | 136.2 (38.4) | 136.3 (38.8) | 138.2 (36.6) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 55.4 (17.7) | 55.4 (16.9) | 52.2 (17.4) | 45.5 (13.8) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.2 (6.4) | 27.4 (5.5) | 27.1 (4.9) | 27.2 (3.7) |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||
| White blood count (×103/mm3) | 6.4 (2.1) | 6 (1.9) | 6 (1.8) | 5.9 (2.1) |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 322.4 (71.0) | 302 (61.3) | 297 (61.6) | 284.5 (55.9) |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.2 (0.7) | 3.2 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.6) |
| von Willebrand's factor (%) | 126.1 (53.2) | 117.1 (46.6) | 114.1 (44.2) | 110 (42.6) |
| Study exposure (S) | ||||
| FEV1 (L) | 1.9 (0.3) | 2.5 (0.1) | 3 (0.2) | 3.9 (0.4) |
| FVC (L) | 2.8 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.4) | 4 (0.4) | 5.1 (0.6) |
| FEV1/FVC | 70.8 (11.0) | 75.1 (6.8) | 75.6 (6.4) | 76.3 (5.4) |
| FEV1/FVC <70% | 41.1 | 22.5 | 20.6 | 15.8 |
| Chronic bronchitisc | 7.6 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 3.8 |
| Self-reported diagnosis of bronchitis | 13.3 | 6.9 | 5.3 | 3.7 |
| Self-reported diagnosis of emphysema | 3.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 |
| Self-reported diagnosis of COPDd | 15.4 | 7.5 | 5.9 | 4.3 |
| Self-reported diagnosis of asthma | 8.5 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 3.5 |
| Follow-up | ||||
| Heart failure events | 16.2 | 9.3 | 8.3 | 6.3 |
| Follow-up duration (in years) | 14 (4.3) | 15.1 (3.4) | 15.1 (3.3) | 15.4 (3.0) |
| Heart failure rate/1000 person years | 11.5 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 4.1 |
Data are from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study baseline examination (1987–89) in a subsample without prevalent HF and not missing information on important covariates, followed up to 31 December 2004.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity.
aForced expiratory volume in 1 s measured using standardized spirometry at study baseline.
bExpressed as mean and standard deviation (SD) or percentages.
cChronic bronchitis was defined as productive cough for at least 3 months in two contiguous years.
dSelf-reported diagnosis of COPD is the presence of self-reported diagnosis of either bronchitis or emphysema.