Table 3.
Hazard ratios of heart failure for airway obstruction, and self-reported diagnosis of respiratory disease (N = 13 130)
| Gender | Model 1a | Model 2b | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Men | COPD vs. no COPD by spirometry | 1.61 (1.36–1.91) | 1.44 (1.20–1.74) |
| Mild COPD vs. no COPD by spirometry | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) | 0.98 (0.74–1.29) | |
| Moderate/severe COPD vs. no COPD by spirometry | 2.30 (1.90–2.77) | 1.83 (1.49–2.26) | |
| Chronic bronchitisc | 2.07 (1.60–2.69) | 1.42 (1.03–1.98) | |
| Self-reported diagnosis of bronchitis | 1.65 (1.20–2.27) | 1.44 (1.04–2.00) | |
| Self-reported diagnosis of emphysema | 2.22 (1.51–3.25) | 1.85 (1.23–2.77) | |
| Self-reported diagnosis of COPDd | 1.70 (1.30–2.20) | 1.44 (1.08–1.91) | |
| Self-reported diagnosis of asthma | 1.06 (0.74–1.51) | 1.15 (0.80–1.64) | |
| Women | COPD vs. no COPD by spirometry | 1.40 (1.15–1.71) | 1.40 (1.13–1.72) |
| Mild COPD vs. no COPD by spirometry | 0.90 (0.67–1.20) | 1.07 (0.79–1.45) | |
| Moderate/severe COPD vs. no COPD by spirometry | 2.09 (1.65–2.65) | 1.73 (1.34–2.22) | |
| Chronic bronchitisc | 2.11 (1.54–2.99) | 1.74 (1.34–2.19) | |
| Self-reported diagnosis of bronchitis | 2.27 (1.83–2.82) | 1.84 (1.84–5.28) | |
| Self-reported diagnosis of emphysema | 4.41 (2.72–7.16) | 3.12 (2.11–5.93) | |
| Self-reported diagnosis of COPDd | 2.40 (1.94–2.96) | 1.84 (1.47–2.31) | |
| Self-reported diagnosis of asthma | 1.60 (1.17–2.17) | 1.56 (1.14–2.13) |
Data are from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study baseline examination (1987–89) in a subsample without prevalent HF and not missing information on important covariates, followed up to 31 December 2004.
Using spirometry, any COPD was defined as FEV1/FVC <70%, mild COPD was defined as FEV1/FVC <70% and FEV ≥80% (predicted), moderate/severe COPD was defined as FEV1/FVC <70% and FEV1 <80% (predicted), and no COPD as FEV1/FVC ≥70%.
CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; HR, hazard ratio.
aModel 1 is adjusted for age and race.
bModel 2 is adjusted for age, smoking status, cigarette-years of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and body mass index.
cChronic bronchitis was defined as productive cough for at least 3 months in two contiguous years.
dSelf-reported diagnosis of COPD is the presence of self-reported diagnosis of either bronchitis or emphysema.