Table 1.

Characteristics of Studies Included in Meta-analyses

Source	Country	Type	Outcome	Method of Depression Diagnosis	Method of Dementia Diagnosis	Sample Size	Comments
French et al,10 1985	United States	Case-control	AD	Questionnaire	Nonstandard criteria	126	Patients with significant psychiatric history were excluded; numbers have to be inferred from data presented
Agbayewa,11 1986	Canada	Case-control	AD	Clinical diagnosis	DSM-III,38 ICD-9	268
Shalat et al,13 1987	United States	Case-control	AD	Patients, clinical records; controls, questionnaire	DSM-III,38 NINCDS-ADRDA	260	All cases and controls were men
Broe et al,12 1990	Australia	Case-control	AD	Risk factor interview developed for study	NINCDS-ADRDA	340	Cases drawn from dementia clinics and controls from primary care practices; numbers used in analyses were drawn from review by Jorm et al33
Kokmen et al,6 1991	United States	Case-control	AD	Record review	NINCDS-ADRDA (no psychometric data	830
Speck et al,7 1995	United States	Case-control	AD	Interview	DSM-III-R,39 NINCDS-ADRDA	594	Used data for estimated history >10y to allow analysis of effect of interval between diagnoses
Devanand et al,16 1996	United States	Prospective cohort	AD	HAM-D cutoff, empirically validated against SCID	DSM-III 38	456	Calculated estimated follow-up as weighted average of several waves of data
Buntinx et al,15 1996	The Netherlands	Retrospective cohort	Dementia, similar to AD	ICHPPC, 3 of 6 listed criteria	(ICHPPC, similar to DSM criteria for AD)	19103	Estimate of interval between depression and dementia onset is a weighted average calculated from information in article
Tsolaki et al,8 1997	Greece	Case-control	AD	Self-report and informant report of history	DSM-IV,37 NINCDS-ADRDA 50	102
Chen et al,20 1999	United States	Prospective cohort	AD	CES-D cutoff judged equivalent to DSM-III-R	DSM-III-R,39 NINCDS-ADRDA	803	Calculated follow-up as weighted average across several waves of data collection
Palsson et al,21 1999	Sweden	Prospective cohort	Dementia (unspecified type)	DSM-III-R	Neuropsychiatric examination, no criteria specified	267
Zalsman et al,14 2000	Israel	Case-control	Dementia (unspecified type)	DSM-IV	DSM-IV 37	502	Depression only late onset (after age 50 y) but “at least” 3 y between depression and onset of dementia
Li et al,22 2001	United States	Retrospective cohort	AD	Personal report of history of depression	DSM-III,38 DSM-IV,37 NINCDS-ADRDA	197	Study reported is a prospective cohort, but data on history of depression are collected retrospectively
Lindsay et al,23 2002	Canada	Prospective cohort	AD	Self-administered questionnaire for history	DSM-III-R39 NINCDS-ADRDA	3316
Green et al,9 2003	United States	Case-control	AD	Clinical history and self-report	NINCDS-ADRDA	4046	Used data from 10 y for assessment of interval
Zubenko et al,17 2003	United States	Retrospective cohort	AD	CADD17 (developed by study authors)	NINCDS-ADRDA	394	Controls came from diverse sources, including primary care practices and spouses of patients
Kessing and Nilsson,18 2003	Denmark	Retrospective cohort	Dementia	ICD-8	ICD-8	66986	Used incidence of AD in patients with osteoarthritis as comparison group
Steffens et al,24 2004	United States	Prospective cohort	AD	HAM-D, MADRS, Duke Depression Evaluation Scale	DSM-IV,37 NINCDS-ADRDA	403
Andersen et al,25 2005	Denmark	Retrospective cohort	AD	Clinical diagnosis and self-report	NINCDS-ADRDA	1822	Possible overlap with study by Kessing and Nilsson18
Dal Forno et al,19 2005	United States	Prospective cohort	AD	CES-D cutoff as equivalent of DSM diagnosis of major depression	NINCDS-ADRDA	1357
Total						102 172

^*Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer disease; CADD, Clinical Assessment of Depression in Dementia; CES-D, Centerfor Epidemiological Studies Depression Rating Scale⁵¹; HAM-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale⁵²; ICD-8, International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; ICHPPC, International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care⁵⁴; MADRS, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale⁵³; NINCDS-ADRDA, National Institute of Neurological and Communication Disorders and Stroke–Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for the diagnosis of AD⁵⁰; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders.⁵⁵