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Conceptual framework of factors limiting exercise tolerance in COPD. Mismatch of ventilatory capacity and ventilatory demand/workload. Ventilatory capacity is reduced in patients with COPD and is thus insufficient to match the ventilatory requirement and increased workload. Such a mismatch leads to intense dyspnea sensations. (PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure, V D/V T = dead space/tidal volume).
