Table 1. Overview of information and knowledge types incumbent to the translational sciences.

Information or Knowledge Type	Description	Examples Sources or Types
Individual and/or Population Phenotype	This information type involves data elements and metadata that describe characteristics at the individual or population levels that relate to the physiologic and behavioral manifestation of healthy and disease states.	• Demographics• Clinical exam findings• Qualitative characteristics• Laboratory testing results
Individual and/or Population Bio-markers	This information type involves data elements and metadata that describe characteristics at the individual or population levels that relate to the bio-molecular manifestation of healthy and disease states.	• Genomic, proteomic and metabolomic expression profiles• Novel bio-molecular assays capable of measuring bio-molecular structure and function
Domain Knowledge	This knowledge type is comprised of community-accepted, or otherwise verified and validated [17] sources of biomedical knowledge relevant to a domain of interest. Collectively, these types of domain knowledge may be used to support multiple operations, including: 1) hypothesis development; 2) hypothesis testing; 3) comparative analyses; or 4) augmentation of experimental data sets with statistical or semantic annotations [15], [17], [125].	• Literature databases• Public or private databases containing experimental results or reference standards• Ontologies• Terminologies
Biological Models and Technologies	This knowledge type typically consists of: 1) empirically validated system or sub-system level models that serve to define the mechanisms by which bio-molecular and phenotypic processes and their markers/indicators interact as a network [6], [20], [124], [126]; and 2) novel technologies that enable the analysis of integrative data sets in light of such models. By their nature these tools include algorithmic or embedded knowledge sources [124], [126].	• Algorithms• Quantitative Models• Analytical “Pipelines”• Publications
Translational Biomedical Knowledge	Translational biomedical knowledge represents a sub-type of general biomedical knowledge that is concerned with a systems-level synthesis (i.e., incorporate quantitative, qualitative, and semantic annotations) of pathophysiologic or biophysical processes or functions of interest (e.g., pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, bionutrition, etc.), and the markers or other indicators that can be used to instrument and evaluate such models.	• Publications• Guidelines• Integrative Data Sets• Conceptual Knowledge Collections