Table 2. Total Stigma Scores and Subscale Scores by Gender.

Variables	Total n = 1026	Female n = 167	Male n = 859	P value
Personalized Stigma (Enacted)	10 (8–14)	12 (8–16)	9 (7–14)	<.0001
Disclosure (Enacted)	15 (12–18)	16 (15–19)	15 (11–17)	<.0001
Concerns with Public Attitudes (Perceived)	13 (10–15)	15 (12–17)	12 (10–15)	<.0001
Negative Self-Image (Internalized)	15 (12–18)	16 (15–19)	15 (11–17)	<.0001
Total	49 (40–57)	56 (48–64)	48 (39–56)	<.0001

Footnote. Each subscale score is calculated by adding up the score from the relevant questions, with a score range of 4 – 20. The total stigma score is calculated by adding up the subscale scores, with a score range of 16 – 80. Higher scores indicate a higher degree of HIV-related stigma.