Table 2.
Characteristics of major BC sources and associated mitigation opportunities
| Source category | Fraction of global BC emissions1 | Annual BC emissions (Gg)1 | Major co-emissions2 | Potential Interventions3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kerosene lamps | 3% | 270 (110, 590) | None | LED or more efficient fuel- based lamps (e.g. pressure, hurricane) |
| Diesel engines | 17% | 1320 (530, 2400) | NOx(−) | Particle traps, retrofit, standard introduction |
| Residential solid fuel | 24% | 1880 (480, 5300) | OM (−) | Efficient stoves, improved combustion, fuel switching |
| Industrial coal | 12% | 740 (160, 2800) | SO2(−) | Process modernization |
| Open biomass burning | 40% | 2750 (980, 12000) | OM(−) | Suppression, controlled burning with capture |
1
Values in parentheses represents 90% uncertainty bounds
2
Symbols in parentheses represents the direction of forcing (+/−) for co-emissions
3
Only the possibilities with greatest mitigation potential are listed here
BC annual emissions and uncertainty bounds obtained from procedures in Bond et al. (2004), with updates as described in Lamarque et al. (2011).48 The exception is kerosene lamps, which are based on results from this study