Table 4.

Odds of being prescribed any opioid over the study period (n=5,961)

	Beta (Standard Error)	Wald	p-value	Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
Age	−0.01 (.01)	7.5	0.006	0.99 (0.99–0.99)
Male	0.02 (.09)	0.1	0.835	1.02 (0.86–1.21)
Pain Intensity	0.01 (.02)	0.8	0.374	1.01 (0.98–1.05)
Major Depressive Disorder	0.12 (.06)	4.0	0.047	1.13 (1.00–1.26)
Nicotine Dependence	0.10 (.07)	2.3	0.134	1.11 (0.97–1.26)
Any Substance Use Disorder	0.18 (.08)	5.2	0.023	1.19 (1.03–1.38)

Note. Reference group = No opioid prescriptions.