Table 3.
Prevalence and Adjusted Odds of Each Outcome Between Hispanic Compared With Non-Hispanic White Women With Glucose Intolerance (n=767), Mild Untreated Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) (n=371), and Mild Treated GDM (n=397)
| Glucose Intolerant (n=767) | Mild Untreated Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (n=371) | Mild Treated Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (n=397) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or Mean ± SD | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) or β Coefficient ± SE (P)* | n (%) or Mean ± SD | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) or β Coefficient ± SE (P)* | n (%) or Mean ± SD | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) or β Coefficient ± SE (P)* | ||||
| Hispanic | Non-Hispanic White | Hispanic | Non-Hispanic White | Hispanic | Non-Hispanic White | ||||
| Primary composite outcome (n=731)† | 184 (37) | 65 (27) | 1.62 (1.10, 2.37) | 94 (38) | 38 (34) | 1.16 (0.69, 1.93) | 92 (35) | 30 (25) | 1.62 (0.92, 2.86) |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | 47 (10) | 24 (10) | 0.88 (0.49, 1.57) | 31 (13) | 12 (11) | 1.11 (0.51, 2.40) | 27 (11) | 11 (9) | 1.55 (0.63, 3.84) |
| Elevated cord C-peptide | 85 (19) | 25 (13) | 1.79 (1.04, 3.08) | 55 (24) | 21 (20) | 1.29 (0.69, 2.44) | 50 (21) | 11 (10) | 2.96 (1.33, 6.60) |
| Hypoglycemia | 84 (21) | 25 (13) | 2.04 (1.18, 3.53) | 30 (15) | 13 (14) | 0.98 (0.44, 2.18) | 34 (16) | 15 (15) | 0.75 (0.35, 1.59) |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 39.4±1.6 | 39.1±1.5 | 0.39±0.14 (0.005) | 39.2±1.6 | 38.7± 1.9 | 0.48±0.21(0.02) | 39.2± 1.8 | 38.7± 1.7 | 0.50±0.22(0.02) |
| Preterm birth before 37 weeks | 35 (7) | 14 (6) | 1.58 (0.75, 3.36) | 23 (9) | 14 (12) | 0.61 (0.28, 1.33) | 24 (9) | 14 (11) | 0.67 (0.30, 1.52) |
| Birthweight (g) | 3431±499 | 3344±510 | 31.7±41.9 (0.45) | 3478±543 | 3388±630 | 34.0±69.1(0.62) | 3339±520 | 3287±484 | 20.1±61.0(0.74) |
| SGA (less than 10th percentile) | 25 (5) | 24 (10) | 0.89 (0.44, 1.81) | 13 (5) | 9 (8) | 1.21 (0.41, 3.58) | 20 (7) | 10 (8) | 0.91 (0.37, 2.19) |
| LGA (greater than 90th percentile) | 63 (12) | 22 (9) | 1.19 (0.67, 2.11) | 38 (15) | 16 (14) | 0.94 (0.47, 1.86) | 22 (8) | 6 (5) | 1.17 (0.42, 3.29) |
| Macrosomia greater than 4000g | 62 (12) | 23 (9) | 1.12 (0.63, 1.98) | 40 (16) | 17 (15) | 1.01 (0.52, 1.96) | 20 (7) | 5 (4) | 1.56 (0.50, 4.86) |
| Gestational hypertension or preeclampsia | 38 (7) | 27 (11) | 0.73 (0.41, 1.30) | 37 (15) | 13 (11) | 1.71 (0.78, 3.71) | 23 (8) | 11 (9) | 1.53 (0.58, 4.05) |
| NICU admission | 30 (6) | 19 (8) | 0.97 (0.48, 1.94) | 21 (8) | 13 (11) | 0.63 (0.28, 1.41) | 20 (7) | 8 (7) | 1.07 (0.41, 2.81) |
SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error; SGA, small for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.
P<.05 significant; variables included in models: fasting, 1, 2, and 3 hour results of 100 g 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), parity, gestational age at enrollment, body mass index at enrollment, maternal age at enrollment, tobacco use in current pregnancy.
Primary composite outcome: stillbirth, neonatal death, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal elevated cord C-peptide, birth trauma; individual components analyzed and shown below composite except for stillbirth, neonatal death, birth trauma not analyzed due to small numbers.