Table 1.
Sixth-grade risk factors predicting seventh-grade substance use and delinquent behavior outcomes
| Risk factors | Past 30-day tobacco use in 7th grade |
Past 30-day alcohol use in 7th grade |
Binge drinking in past 2 weeks in 7th grade |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage reporting |
Odds ratio |
Percentage reporting |
Odds ratio |
Percentage reporting |
Odds ratio |
||||
| Low risk in 6th grade |
High risk in 6th grade |
Low risk in 6th grade |
High risk in 6th grade |
Low risk in 6th grade |
High risk in 6th grade |
||||
| Community domain | |||||||||
| Low neighborhood attachment | 2.2 | 4.2 | 1.98 | 9.3 | 12.9 | 1.45 | 3.7 | 5.7 | 1.58 |
| Community disorganization | 1.5 | 5.4 | 3.70 | 7.6 | 15.8 | 2.28 | 2.6 | 7.4 | 3.04 |
| Laws and norms favorable toward drugs | 1.2 | 6.3 | 5.46 | 7.5 | 17.2 | 2.56 | 2.6 | 8.0 | 3.31 |
| Perceived availability of drugs | 1.5 | 7.0 | 5.08 | 7.5 | 20.5 | 3.19 | 2.6 | 10.0 | 4.13 |
| Family domain | |||||||||
| Poor family management | 1.4 | 5.6 | 4.31 | 7.3 | 16.8 | 2.55 | 2.9 | 7.3 | 2.67 |
| Family conflict | 2.5 | 3.7 | 1.48 | 8.2 | 15.6 | 2.07 | 3.5 | 6.4 | 1.89 |
| Family history of antisocial behavior | 0.9 | 6.9 | 8.26 | 6.1 | 19.2 | 3.65 | 1.6 | 9.8 | 6.77 |
| Parental attitudes favorable toward drug use | 1.5 | 8.6 | 6.03 | 7.4 | 24.0 | 3.95 | 2.7 | 11.4 | 4.71 |
| Parental attitudes favorable toward antisocial behavior |
1.0 | 6.0 | 6.59 | 5.6 | 18.3 | 3.80 | 1.4 | 9.0 | 6.81 |
| School domain | |||||||||
| School academic failure | 0.3 | 5.6 | 17.18 | 6.7 | 15.0 | 2.47 | 2.6 | 6.4 | 2.57 |
| Low commitment to school | 1.6 | 5.2 | 3.41 | 7.5 | 16.3 | 2.40 | 3.2 | 6.6 | 2.11 |
| Peer/individual domain | |||||||||
| Rebelliousness | 1.0 | 5.2 | 5.21 | 5.8 | 16.5 | 3.22 | 1.6 | 7.8 | 5.33 |
| Attitudes favorable toward antisocial behavior | 1.3 | 5.2 | 4.18 | 6.5 | 17.1 | 2.95 | 2.5 | 7.5 | 3.18 |
| Attitudes favorable toward drug use | 1.2 | 10.2 | 9.07 | 7.3 | 26.2 | 4.49 | 2.6 | 13.0 | 5.61 |
| Perceived risk of drug use | 1.6 | 5.9 | 3.83 | 7.8 | 18.1 | 2.62 | 2.9 | 8.1 | 2.95 |
| Friends’ antisocial behavior | 0.8 | 7.4 | 10.30 | 6.6 | 18.8 | 3.24 | 2.0 | 9.4 | 5.02 |
| Friends’ use of drugs | 1.2 | 10.1 | 9.25 | 6.8 | 26.0 | 4.83 | 2.5 | 12.4 | 5.43 |
| Rewards for antisocial involvement | 1.6 | 7.8 | 5.21 | 7.8 | 20.9 | 3.13 | 2.7 | 10.4 | 4.11 |
| Intentions to use drugs | 0.9 | 6.3 | 7.42 | 4.4 | 21.3 | 5.86 | 1.5 | 9.5 | 6.79 |
| Average | 1.4 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 18.6 | 2.5 | 8.6 | |||
| SD | 0.5 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 2.1 | |||
| Risk factors | Past 30-day marijuana use in 7th grade |
Past-year delinquency in 7th grade |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage reporting |
Odds ratio |
Percentage reporting |
Odds ratio |
|||
| Low risk in 6th grade |
High risk in 6th grade |
Low risk in 6th grade |
High risk in 6th grade |
|||
| Community domain | ||||||
| Low neighborhood attachment | 1.1 | 2.6 | 2.31 | 28.5 | 40.9 | 1.74 |
| Community disorganization | 0.7 | 3.2 | 4.70 | 26.3 | 46.2 | 2.41 |
| Laws and norms favorable toward drugs | 0.4 | 4.1 | 9.99 | 26.0 | 48.4 | 2.66 |
| Perceived availability of drugs | 0.6 | 4.8 | 8.13 | 26.9 | 53.1 | 3.08 |
| Family domain | ||||||
| Poor family management | 0.5 | 3.5 | 6.69 | 24.7 | 48.3 | 2.86 |
| Family conflict | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.77 | 27.9 | 43.9 | 2.03 |
| Family history of antisocial behavior | 0.4 | 4.1 | 9.58 | 24.1 | 50.7 | 3.24 |
| Parental attitudes favorable toward drug use | 0.7 | 5.6 | 8.35 | 28.3 | 53.9 | 2.97 |
| Parental attitudes favorable toward antisocial behavior | 0.1 | 3.6 | 7.68 | 22.5 | 49.7 | 3.40 |
| School domain | ||||||
| School academic failure | 0.6 | 2.8 | 5.12 | 26.4 | 41.1 | 1.95 |
| Low commitment to school | 0.7 | 3.5 | 5.06 | 25.8 | 47.1 | 2.56 |
| Peer/individual domain | ||||||
| Rebelliousness | 0.5 | 3.1 | 6.05 | 19.8 | 49.5 | 3.98 |
| Attitudes favorable toward antisocial behavior | 0.6 | 3.4 | 6.38 | 23.3 | 49.3 | 3.20 |
| Attitudes favorable toward drug use | 0.7 | 6.2 | 9.66 | 27.6 | 60.2 | 3.96 |
| Perceived risk of drug use | 1.0 | 3.5 | 3.71 | 30.8 | 39.7 | 1.48 |
| Friends’ antisocial behavior | 0.3 | 4.6 | 18.88 | 23.6 | 53.7 | 3.76 |
| Friends’ use of drugs | 0.5 | 6.5 | 14.13 | 26.1 | 62.9 | 4.80 |
| Rewards for antisocial involvement | 0.7 | 5.3 | 8.60 | 28.5 | 50.7 | 2.58 |
| Intentions to use drugs | 0.4 | 4.0 | 11.46 | 24.7 | 48.4 | 2.86 |
| Average | 0.6 | 4.0 | 25.8 | 49.2 | ||
| SD | 0.3 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 6.0 | ||
Statistically significant (p ≤ .05) differences based on two-tailed tests are indicated in bold