Table 1.

The Microbes involved in Causation and Exacerbation of Asthma

	Genome	Causation/Exacerbation	References
Bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae	Gram +, α-hemolytic	++/−	[9,19]
Haemophilus influenza	Gram -, rod shaped	++/−	[9,19]
Moraxella Catarrhalis	Gram -, oxidase positive	++/−	[9,19]
Staphylococcus Aureus	Gram +	++/−	[9,19]
Ureaplasma Urealyticum	Lack a cell wall	++/−	[9,19]
Chlamydia pneumonia	Obligate intracellular pathogen	++/++	[9,19]
Mycoplasma pneumonia	Lack a cell wall	−/++	[9,19]
Virus
RNA:
Picornaviruses-	ss +ve
Human Rhinovirus		−/+++ (20–80%)	[9,10,22,23,24]
Paramyxovirus	ss −ve
Respiratory Syncytial Virus		++/+++ (5–50%)	[5,9,10,22,23,24]
Human Metapneumovirus		−/++(2–13%)	[9,10,22,23,24]
Human Parainfluenzavirus		−/+(1–8%)	[9,10,22,23,24]
Orthomyxovirus	ss −ve
Human Influenza A,B,C virus		−/+(1–9%)	[9,10,22,23,24]
Coronavirus-	ss +ve
HCoV-229E HCoV-NL63 HCoV-OC43 HCoV-HKU1		−/+ (1–4%)	[9,10,22,23 ,24]
DNA:
Adenovirus	ds linear	−/+ (<7%)	[9,10,22,23,24]
Bocavirus	ss circular	−/+ (6–13%)	[9,10,22,23,24]
Fungus
Aspergillus	Thermotolerant, ubiquitous	−/++	[26,27]
Cladosporium		−/++	[26,27]

Abbreviations: ++, +++ represent degree of evidence showing causation and -,means no evidence.