Figure 1.

Mathematical model of the apoptotic pathways induced by cisplatin. (A) Schematic description of the apoptotic pathways induced by cisplatin. (B) Simplified model of apoptotic pathways. Cisplatin activates the three major pathways of apoptosis: i) the extrinsic pathway mediated by death receptors; ii) the intrinsic pathway centered on mitochondria; iii) the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress pathway. Solid arrows denote chemical reactions or upregulation; those terminated by a bar denote inhibition or downregulation.