Table 1.

Categorized list of the benefits of vaccination

Category	Definition	Examples of outcomes
A. Health-related benefits
A1. Health gains	Reduction in morbidity and mortality	Cases averted
		Deaths averted
		Disability-adjusted life years saved
A2. Health care savings	Reduction in cost of health care borne by the public sector or private individuals	Costs saved
B. Productivity-related benefits
B1. Productivity gains related to care	Reduction in lost days of work due to sickness or caring for a sick patient	Value of productivity gained
B2. Productivity gains related to short term outcomes	Reduction in lost days of work due to sickness or death of sick patient	Value of productivity gained
		Lifetime earnings
B3. Productivity gains related to long term outcomes	Increased lifetime productivity because better health improves cognition, educational attainment and physical strength	Educational outcomes
		Cognitive outcomes
		Lifetime earnings
B4. Productivity gains related to household behaviour	Economic improvements due to changes in household choices such as fertility and consumption/saving as a result of improved child health and survival	Productivity
		Female labour participation
		Household investment per child
		Dependency ratio
C. Community externalities
C1. Ecological effects	Health improvements in unvaccinated community members as a result of ecological effects such as herd immunity and reduced antibiotic usage.	Indirect vaccine protection
		Prevalence of antibiotic resistance
C2. Equity	More equal distribution of health outcomes	Distribution of health outcomes
C3. Financial sustainability	Improved financial sustainability of health care programs as a result of synergies with vaccination programs and/or stimulation of private demand.	Financial benefits
		Private demand estimates
C4. Macroeconomic impact	Changes in the national economy or individual sectors of the economy.	Gross domestic product
		Production by economic sector

Definitions in categories A, B and C1 are adapted from Bärnighausen et al.[4].