Table 1.
Category | Definition | Examples of outcomes |
---|---|---|
A. Health-related benefits | ||
A1. Health gains |
Reduction in morbidity and mortality |
Cases averted |
Deaths averted | ||
Disability-adjusted life years saved | ||
A2. Health care savings |
Reduction in cost of health care borne by the public sector or private individuals |
Costs saved |
B. Productivity-related benefits | ||
B1. Productivity gains related to care |
Reduction in lost days of work due to sickness or caring for a sick patient |
Value of productivity gained |
B2. Productivity gains related to short term outcomes |
Reduction in lost days of work due to sickness or death of sick patient |
Value of productivity gained |
Lifetime earnings | ||
B3. Productivity gains related to long term outcomes |
Increased lifetime productivity because better health improves cognition, educational attainment and physical strength |
Educational outcomes |
Cognitive outcomes | ||
Lifetime earnings | ||
B4. Productivity gains related to household behaviour |
Economic improvements due to changes in household choices such as fertility and consumption/saving as a result of improved child health and survival |
Productivity |
Female labour participation | ||
Household investment per child | ||
Dependency ratio | ||
C. Community externalities | ||
C1. Ecological effects |
Health improvements in unvaccinated community members as a result of ecological effects such as herd immunity and reduced antibiotic usage. |
Indirect vaccine protection |
Prevalence of antibiotic resistance | ||
C2. Equity |
More equal distribution of health outcomes |
Distribution of health outcomes |
C3. Financial sustainability |
Improved financial sustainability of health care programs as a result of synergies with vaccination programs and/or stimulation of private demand. |
Financial benefits |
Private demand estimates | ||
C4. Macroeconomic impact | Changes in the national economy or individual sectors of the economy. | Gross domestic product |
Production by economic sector |
Definitions in categories A, B and C1 are adapted from Bärnighausen et al.[4].