Table 2. Resistance mechanisms, patterns of inheritance, evolutionary origins and prevalence of mutations conferring insecticide resistance.

Species	Mechanism	Gene	Pattern of Inheritance	Evolutionary Origin	Citation
Anopheles gambiae	Target Site Insensitivity	Vssc	Recessive	Multiple	[44]
Bemisia tabaci	Target Site Insensitivity	Vssc	Recessive	Multiple*	[7]
Leptinotarsa decemlineata	Target Site Insensitivity	Vssc	Recessive	Multiple	Rinkevich et al, Submitted
Musca domestica	Target Site Insensitivity	Vssc	Recessive	Multiple	[5] and this paper
Myzus persicae and Myzus nicotinae	Target Site Insensitivity	Vssc	Recessive	Multiple	[6]
Culex pipiens	Enhanced Detoxification	Esterase B	Completely Dominant	Single	[11]
Drosophila melanogaster	Enhanced Detoxification	CYP6G1	Dominant	Single	[10]
Musca domestica	Enhanced Detoxification	CYP6D1	Dominant	Single	[5]
Myzus persicae	Enhanced Detoxification	E4 and FE4	Dominant	Single	[12]
Lucilia cuprina	Enhanced detoxification	LcαE7 (G137D)	Incompletely Dominant	Single*	[9]
Lucilia cuprina	Enhanced detoxification	LcαE7 (T251L)	Incompletely Dominant	Multiple	[9]
Bemisia tabaci(B-biotype)	Target Site Insensitivity	Rdl	Incompletely Dominant	Single	[8]
Bemisia tabaci(non B-biotype)	Target Site Insensitivity	Rdl	Incompletely Dominant	Multiple∧	[8]
Drosophila melanogaster	Target Site Insensitivity	Rdl	Incompletely Dominant	Single	[16]
Drosophila simulans	Target Site Insensitivity	Rdl	Incompletely Dominant	Multiple	[45]
Tribolium castaneum	Target Site Insensitivity	Rdl	Incompletely Dominant	Multiple	[33]

^*“While phylogenetic analysis of these haplotypes suggests that the Asp137 and Leu251 mutations each arose at least twice, evidence for recombination was detected across the region, therefore single origins for these resistance mutations cannot be ruled out.” [9].

∧The number of species/subspecies of B. tabaci has recently been questioned [46]. If the results above are from different species then findings of multiple origins of resistance need to be interpreted with care.