Table 1. Sample characteristics of the whole cohort and subgroups with different illness conditions and medical expense levels.
| Wholecohort | Presence of chronic disease | Presence of inpatient treatment | Medical expense | |||||
| Variables | Yes | No | Yes | No | High | Low | ||
| Total sample | 2899 | 1247 | 1652 | 1693 | 1206 | 1445 | 1454 | |
| LanZhou | 954 | 450 | 504 | 506 | 388 | 448 | 506 | |
| GuiLin | 979 | 401 | 578 | 582 | 397 | 497 | 482 | |
| XiAn | 966 | 396 | 570 | 545 | 421 | 500 | 466 | |
| p-value | 0.007 | 0.32 | 0.085 | |||||
| Household characteristics | ||||||||
| Household size | 4.84 (1.50) | 4.84 (1.50) | 4.84 (1.50) | 4.84 (1.50) | 4.84 (1.50) | 5.05 (1.57) | 4.66 (1.40) | |
| p-value | 0.79 | 0.82 | <0.001 | |||||
| Younger than 18* | 0 | 19.52 | 20.21 | 19.01 | 19.37 | 19.73 | 17.72 | 21.32 |
| 1 | 59.95 | 59.5 | 60.29 | 60.72 | 58.87 | 58.62 | 61.28 | |
| 2 | 17.73 | 17.32 | 18.04 | 17.31 | 18.33 | 19.93 | 15.54 | |
| 3 | 2.28 | 2.41 | 2.18 | 2.19 | 2.4 | 3.18 | 1.38 | |
| 4 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.35 | 0.41 | |
| 5 | 0.1 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.07 | |
| 6 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.07 | 0 | |
| p-value | 0.79 | 0.78 | <0.001 | |||||
| Older than 65* | 0 | 64.68 | 63.11 | 65.86 | 64.44 | 65.01 | 59.86 | 69.46 |
| 1 | 18.59 | 19.73 | 17.74 | 19.02 | 17.99 | 17.92 | 19.26 | |
| 2 | 14.18 | 14.27 | 14.1 | 13.76 | 14.76 | 17.92 | 10.45 | |
| 3 | 1.35 | 1.68 | 1.09 | 1.59 | 1 | 2.08 | 0.62 | |
| 4 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.76 | 0.21 | |
| 5 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.58 | 1.04 | 0 | |
| 6 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0 | |
| 7 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0 | |
| p-value | 0.58 | 0.71 | <0.001 | |||||
| Basic health insurance* | 91.53 (17.48) | 91.34 (17.88) | 91.68 (17.17) | 91.69 (17.23) | 91.31 (17.83) | 90.68 (18.17) | 92.38 (16.73) | |
| p-value | 0.6 | 0.57 | 0.009 | |||||
| Commercial health insurance* | 83.41 (21.93) | 83.53 (21.89) | 83.32 (21.96) | 82.82 (21.88) | 82.84 (21.99) | 82.67 (22.45) | 84.15 (21.37) | |
| p-value | 0.8 | 0.24 | 0.07 | |||||
| Hukou* | Urban | 65.16 | 65.12 | 65.19 | 65.09 | 65.26 | 66.3 | 64.03 |
| Rural | 34.84 | 34.88 | 34.81 | 34.91 | 34.74 | 33.7 | 35.97 | |
| p-value | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.21 | |||||
| Income (RMB) | 7341 (5347) | 7156 (5392) | 7480 (5310) | 7304 (5321) | 7391 (5384) | 10851 (5001) | 3852 (2781) | |
| p-value | 0.11 | 0.67 | <0.001 | |||||
| Household head characteristics | ||||||||
| Age* | <20 | 1.93 | 2.17 | 1.76 | 1.71 | 2.24 | 1.8 | 2.06 |
| 21–30 | 8.07 | 7.78 | 8.29 | 8.68 | 7.21 | 7.96 | 8.18 | |
| 31–40 | 2.93 | 3.05 | 2.85 | 2.95 | 2.9 | 2.63 | 3.23 | |
| 41–50 | 37.22 | 36.17 | 38.01 | 35.91 | 39.05 | 36.4 | 38.03 | |
| 51–60 | 38.36 | 38.41 | 38.32 | 37.8 | 39.14 | 40.28 | 36.45 | |
| >60 | 11.49 | 12.43 | 10.77 | 12.94 | 9.45 | 10.93 | 12.04 | |
| p-value | 0.65 | 0.03 | 0.39 | |||||
| Gender* | Male | 75.82 | 75.3 | 76.21 | 76.2 | 75.29 | 76.82 | 74.83 |
| p-value | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.23 | |||||
| Education* | < = middle school | 48.57 | 47.47 | 49.39 | 48.08 | 49.25 | 48.37 | 48.76 |
| High school | 40.63 | 40.82 | 40.5 | 40.87 | 40.3 | 40.07 | 41.2 | |
| Bachelor | 9.14 | 9.94 | 8.54 | 8.98 | 9.37 | 9.83 | 8.46 | |
| >Bachelor | 1.66 | 1.76 | 1.57 | 2.07 | 1.08 | 1.73 | 1.58 | |
| p-value | 0.52 | 0.21 | 0.61 | |||||
| Marital status* | Single | 24.35 | 24.22 | 24.46 | 24.1 | 24.71 | 24.22 | 24.48 |
| Married | 62.99 | 63.03 | 62.95 | 63.85 | 61.77 | 63.25 | 62.72 | |
| Divorced | 6.28 | 6.5 | 6.11 | 5.67 | 7.13 | 6.64 | 5.91 | |
| Widowed | 6.38 | 6.26 | 6.48 | 6.38 | 6.38 | 5.88 | 6.88 | |
| p-value | 0.97 | 0.39 | 0.62 | |||||
| Occupation* | Government | 17.45 | 16.68 | 18.04 | 17.54 | 17.33 | 28.44 | 6.53 |
| State-owned Company | 21.18 | 21.17 | 21.19 | 20.73 | 21.81 | 37.37 | 5.09 | |
| Private Company | 5.35 | 4.81 | 5.75 | 5.2 | 5.56 | 10.17 | 0.55 | |
| Self-employed | 18.73 | 21.17 | 16.89 | 18.84 | 18.57 | 2.28 | 35.08 | |
| Farmer | 30.94 | 29.43 | 32.08 | 30.42 | 30.27 | 21.18 | 40.65 | |
| Unemployed | 1.97 | 1.76 | 2.12 | 2.13 | 1.74 | 0.07 | 3.85 | |
| Retired | 3.31 | 3.69 | 3.03 | 3.07 | 3.65 | 0.42 | 6.19 | |
| Other | 1.07 | 1.28 | 0.91 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 0.07 | 2.06 | |
| p-value | 0.076 | 0.95 | <0.001 | |||||
Values are means (standard deviations) and percentages (for variables marked by *).