Table 1.

Eosinophil- and/or mast cell-derived proteins involved in tissue remodeling

Mediator	Eosinophil-Derived	Mast Cell-Derived	Fibrosis (Fibroblast Activation and Proliferation)	Epithelial Hyperplasia (Epithelial Cell Activation and Proliferation)	Smooth Muscle Hypertrophy and Contraction (Smooth muscle cell Activation and Proliferation)	Angiogenesis (Endothelial Cell Activation and Proliferation)	ECM Protein
TGF-β (23, 68, 113, 159)	+	+	+	+	+	+
TGF-α (21, 57, 156)	+		+	+		+
TNF-α (24, 95, 113, 155)	+	+	+	+	+	+
VEGF (113, 122)	+	+				+
FGF-2 (16, 22, 113, 149)	+	+	+	+	+	+
PDGF (16, 36, 113)	+	+	+		+	+
EGF (10, 16, 23, 127)	+	+	+	+	+	+
NGF (101, 112)	+	+	+			+
IL-4 (9, 125, 151)	+	+	+	+
IL-6 (50, 150)	+	+	+	+
IL-8 (113)	+	+				+
IL-13 (17, 21, 92, 105, 151)	+	+	+	+
MMP-9 (71, 115)	+	+					+
Angiogenin (122)	+					+
MBP (66, 108, 132)	+		+	+	+
Chymase (82, 129)		+			+	+	+
Tryptase (26, 49, 129, 163)		+	+	+	+	+
Histamine (5, 58)		+		+	+
Heparin (49)		+	+

Eosinophils and mast cells express numerous cytokines and chemokines that may participate in tissue remodeling. These proteins can target fibroblasts, epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells to induce potential effects such as fibrosis, epithelial hyperplasia, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and angiogenesis.

TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; PDGF, platelet derived growth factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; NGF, nerve growth factor; IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; MBP, major basic protein.