Figure 6.

Ketones restore ATP levels depleted by oxidative stress and by inhibition of MRC function. ATP levels (represented as % of control) in micro-dissected CA1 tissue samples treated with H₂O₂, ketones plus H₂O₂, ketones, rotenone, ketones plus rotenone, 3-NP and ketones plus 3-NP are shown at various time-points. Control slices were perfused with physiological saline under similar experimental conditions. Values represent mean ± SEM. Paired t-tests were conducted in control vs. drug-treated groups; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01: 2 mmol/L H₂O₂vs. ketones plus 2 mmol/L H₂O₂; ##, p < 0.05: 1 mmol/L 3-NP vs. ketones plus 1 mmol/L 3-NP; ††, p < 0.01. ANOVA followed by Tukey test; §§, p < 0.01.