TABLE 5.

General Characteristics of Population-Based and Multicenter Cardiac Surgery–Related SSI Studies

Reference, year	Country	Study period	Type of surgery	Type of SSI	Case definition	Case ascertainment	Incidence rate (%)
Steingrimsson et al,21 2008	Iceland	1997-2004	All open heart surgery	Deep sternal	CDC	2 Different registries	2.5
Manniën et al,22 2011	The Netherlands	2002-2007	CABGCABG + valveIsolated valve	All	CDC	Use of surveillance data	SSI = 5.6Superficial sternal SSI = 1.1Deep sternal SSI= 1.3LHSI = 3.2
Berg et al, 23 2011	Norway	2005-2009	CABG	All	CDC	National surveillance data	SSI = 14Sternal SSI = 5.1LHSI = 8.9
Fowler et al,4 2005	United States	2002-2003	Isolated or combined CABG	Deep sternal and LHSI	≥1 of the following: wound opened with excision of tissue, positive culture, or antibiotic treatment	STS adult cardiac database	Deep sternal SSI = 0.9LHSI = 1.1

CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; LHSI = leg harvest site infection; SSI = surgical site infection; STS = Society of Thoracic Surgeons.