Table 2.
Marginal percentage of subjects with each symptom and sign in each assigned latent class (pattern), with and without including concomitant variables (sex, age, education, obesity, diabetes and history of myocardial infarction or heart failure) to predict class membership, in the general population aged ≥45 years, Porto, Portugal, 2006–2008
| Pattern of symptoms and signs |
Pattern of symptoms and signs with concomitant variables |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | |
| 9.6 | 19.2 | 71.1 | 10.1 | 27.8 | 62.1 | ||
| Dyspnoea | |||||||
| NYHA I | 86.9 | 18.3 | 91.4 | 95.5 | 20.9 | 90.6 | 96.9 |
| NYHA II | 9.2 | 45.2 | 8.0 | 4.3 | 45.1 | 9.0 | 2.9 |
| NYHA III | 3.9 | 36.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 33.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Fatigue | |||||||
| No | 81.7 | 18.5 | 88.5 | 88.6 | 23.1 | 89.6 | 88.5 |
| Yes | 18.3 | 81.5 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 76.9 | 10.4 | 11.5 |
| Orthopnoea | |||||||
| No | 91.6 | 41.4 | 98.1 | 96.7 | 44.9 | 97.5 | 96.9 |
| Yes, 1 pillow | 3.8 | 19.2 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 19.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| Yes, 2 or more pillows | 4.7 | 39.4 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 35.6 | 2.2 | 0.4 |
| Nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnea | |||||||
| No | 93.8 | 62.2 | 100.0 | 96.3 | 63.0 | 100 | 96.2 |
| Yes | 6.2 | 37.8 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 37.0 | 0.0 | 3.8 |
| Heart murmur | |||||||
| No | 93.9 | 87.6 | 91.1 | 95.8 | 86.1 | 90.6 | 97.0 |
| Yes | 6.1 | 12.4 | 8.9 | 4.2 | 13.9 | 9.4 | 3.0 |
| Pulmonary rales | |||||||
| No | 91.9 | 78.0 | 85.9 | 96.0 | 80.3 | 84.9 | 97.2 |
| Yes | 8.1 | 22.0 | 14.1 | 4.0 | 19.7 | 15.1 | 2.8 |
| Hepatojugular reflux or jugular venous distension | |||||||
| No | 90.1 | 76.0 | 79.7 | 95.7 | 79.2 | 79.0 | 97.2 |
| Yes | 9.9 | 24.0 | 20.3 | 4.3 | 20.8 | 21.0 | 2.8 |
| Lower limb oedema at the end of the day (symptom) | |||||||
| No | 73.2 | 35.3 | 55.5 | 84.6 | 35.0 | 61.0 | 85.5 |
| Yes | 26.8 | 64.7 | 44.5 | 15.4 | 65.0 | 39.0 | 14.5 |
| Lower limb oedema (physical examination) | |||||||
| No | 83.7 | 55.4 | 62.3 | 95.2 | 56.2 | 67.1 | 96.3 |
| Ankle | 14.3 | 36.3 | 34.1 | 4.3 | 36.3 | 29.5 | 3.3 |
| Up to the knee | 2.0 | 8.4 | 3.6 | 0.5 | 7.5 | 3.4 | 0.4 |
| Trophic signs of chronic venous insufficiency | |||||||
| No | 83.8 | 67.7 | 50.2 | 97.6 | 68.0 | 60.4 | 97.3 |
| Yes | 16.2 | 32.3 | 49.8 | 2.4 | 32.0 | 39.6 | 2.7 |
| Visible varicose veins | |||||||
| No | 58.5 | 44.3 | 15.1 | 75.5 | 40.2 | 23.5 | 77.9 |
| Yes | 41.5 | 55.7 | 84.9 | 24.5 | 59.8 | 76.5 | 22.1 |
| Concomitant variables | Multinomial logistic regression | ||||||
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||||||
| Sex (male) | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.32) | 0.54 (0.28 to 1.06) | Ref* | ||||
| Age (per year) | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.12) | 1.12 (1.09 to 1.16) | Ref* | ||||
| Education (per year) | 0.80 (0.70 to 0.91) | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) | Ref* | ||||
| Obesity | 6.00 (2.85 to 12.64) | 3.34 (1.47 to 7.59) | Ref* | ||||
| Diabetes | 2.33 (1.07 to 5.08) | 0.61 (0.28 to 1.32) | Ref* | ||||
| History of myocardial infarction or heart failure | 12.94 (4.95 to 33.80) | 1.60 (0.61 to 4.17) | Ref* | ||||
*LCA—class 3 taken as reference.
LCA, latent class analysis; NYHA, New York Heart Association.