Table 4.

Multivariate multilevel regression analysis of process/structure measures and nurses’ self-reported work-related and patient-related outcomes (N=3618)

	Work-related outcomes		Patient-related outcomes
	Quality of nursing	Patient safety	Self-care ability	Low frequency AE
	Coefficient (p value)
Process measures
Patient safety management	0.09 (<0.001)	0.19 (<0.001)	0.13 (<0.001)	0.06 (<0.001)
Staff adequacy	0.12 (<0.001)	0.12 (<0.001)	0.10 (<0.001)	0.04 (<0.001)
Nurse–physician relation	0.06 (0.003)	0.07 (<0.001)	0.08 (0.006)
Education and career
Quality system	0.25 (<0.001)	0.18 (<0.001)	0.21 (<0.001)	0.09 (<0.001)
Nurse participation	−0.04 (0.028)
Ward leadership	0.05 (0.011)			−0.03 (0.008)
Structure measures
Local university hospital				−3.08 (0.008)
Regional university hospital	3.57 (0.003)	1.89 (0.024)	1.48 (0.375)
Nurse–patient ratio-R			0.21 (0.127)
Physician–patient ratio-R			−0.28 (0.290)
Bed occupancy-R		0.00 (0.955)	−0.25 (0.055)	−0.09 (0.127)
Index for patient mix-R	0.01 (0.861)		0.10 (0.415)
Nurse experience-R			−0.77(0.071)	0.33 (0.051)
Hospital size-R			−0.02 (0.533)
Medical department	0.23 (0.769)	−1.12 (0.039)	−5.89 (<0.001)
Interactions
Index for patient mix-R × Medical department	0.14 (0.114)		−0.28 (0.032)
Nurse–patient ratio-R × nurse experience-R			0.16 (0.013)
Physician–patient ratio-R × nurse experience-R			−0.28 (0.066)
Bed occupancy-R × Medical department		−0.10 (0.227)
Intra class correlation
ICC(%)/design effect (hospital ward level)	5.68/1.69	2.46/1.30	5.35/1.65	8.64/2.05
ICC(%)/design effect (hospital level)	0.56/1.47	0,72/1.61	0.22/1.19	0.74/1.62