Table 2.
Prevalence rates of ADHD medication use (ATC N06BA) by gender. German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents 2003–2006 (KiGGS)
| Total |
Boys |
Girls |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N** | %* | 95% CI | %* | 95% CI | %* | 95% CI | |
| 158 | 0.9 | (0.7 to 1.1) | 1.5 | (1.2 to 1.8) | 0.3 | (0.2 to 0.5) | |
| Age (years) | |||||||
| 0–5 | 0 | ||||||
| 6–10 | 70 | 1.3 | (1.2 to 2.1) | 2.3 | (1.7 to 3.1) | 0.3 | (0.1 to 0.7) |
| 11–13 | 54 | 1.7 | (1.3 to 2.3) | 2.7 | (2.0 to 3.7) | 0.7 | (0.3 to 1.4) |
| 14–17 | 34 | 0.9 | (0.6 to 1.3) | 1.4 | (0.9 to 2.1) | 0.4 | (0.1 to 0.9) |
| Region | |||||||
| East | 54 | 0.8 | (0.5 to 1.2) | 1.3 | (0.8 to 2.0) | 0.2 | (0.1 to 0.5) |
| West | 104 | 0.9 | (0.7 to 1.1) | 1.5 | (1.2 to 1.8) | 0.3 | (0.2 to 0.5) |
| Urbanicity | |||||||
| Rural | 30 | 0.7 | (0.4 to 1.1) | 1.2 | (0.7 to 2.0) | 0.1 | (0.0 to 0.2) |
| Small-size urban | 41 | 0.9 | (0.6 to 1.3) | 1.6 | (1.1 to 2.4) | 0.1 | (0.0 to 0.4) |
| Medium-size urban | 50 | 0.9 | (0.7 to 1.3) | 1.4 | (1.0 to 1.9) | 0.5 | (0.2 to 1.0) |
| Metropolitan | 37 | 1,0 | (0.7 to 1.4) | 1.6 | (1.1 to 2.2) | 0.4 | (0.2 to 0.9) |
| Migrant background | |||||||
| Yes | 7 | 0.4 | (0.2 to 0.8) | 0.3 | (0.1 to 0.8) | 0.4 | (0.1 to 0.4) |
| No | 151 | 1.0 | (0.8 to 1.2) | 1.7 | (1.4 to 2.1) | 0.3 | (0.1 to 0.4) |
| SES | |||||||
| Low | 42 | 0.9 | (0.6 to 1.2) | 1.3 | (0.9 to 1.8) | 0.5 | (0.2 to 1.0) |
| Middle | 81 | 1.0 | (0.8 to 1.3) | 1.8 | (1.4 to 2.4) | 0.2 | (0.1 to 0.5) |
| High | 33 | 0.7 | (0.5 to 1.1) | 1.2 | (0.8 to 1.8) | 0.2 | (0.1 to 0.6) |
| Parent-rated subjective health status | |||||||
| Excellent | 29 | 0.5 | (0.3 to 0.7) | 0.9 | (0.6 to 1.4) | 0.1 | (0.0 to 0.3) |
| Good | 119 | 1.2 | (1.0 to 1.5) | 1.9 | (1.5 to 2.4) | 0.5 | (0.3 to 0.8) |
| Moderate/Bad/Very Bad† | 9 | 0.8 | (0.4 to 1.7) | 1.4 | (0.6 to 2.9) | 0.2 | (0.0 to 1.3) |
| Tobacco smoking by the mother during pregnancy | |||||||
| Regular | 16 | 1.7 | (0.9 to 3.0) | 2.4 | (1.2 to 4.6) | 1.0 | (0.4 to 2.7) |
| From time to time | 15 | 0.8 | (0.4 to 1.4) | 1.3 | (0.7 to 2.4) | 0.2 | (0.1 to 0.9) |
| Never | 123 | 0.9 | (0.7 to 1.1) | 1.5 | (1.2 to 1.8) | 0.3 | (0.1 to 0.5) |
| Alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy | |||||||
| Regular | 2 | 7.7 | (1.9 to 26.5) | 14.2 | (3.2 to 45.0) | ||
| From time to time | 19 | 0.7 | (0.4 to 1.3) | 1.0 | (0.5 to 1.8) | 0.5 | (0.2 to 1.4) |
| Never | 134 | 0.9 | (0.8 to 1.9) | 1.6 | (1.3 to 1.9) | 0.3 | (0.1 to 0.5) |
| Last visit to a doctor | |||||||
| <4 weeks | 56 | 0.9 | (0.7 to 1.3) | 1.6 | (1.1 to 2.3) | 0.3 | (0.1 to 0.6) |
| 1-<3 months | 62 | 1.3 | (1.0 to 1.7) | 2.2 | (1.6 to 2.9) | 0.3 | (0.1 to 0.8) |
| 3–12 months | 32 | 0.6 | (0.4 to 0.9) | 0.9 | (0.5 to 1.4) | 0.3 | (0.2 to 0.7) |
| 12+months | 6 | 0.5 | (0.2 to 1.1) | 0.8 | (0.3 to 1.9) | 0.1 | (0.0 to 0.6) |
| ADHD diagnosis (physician or psychologist) | |||||||
| Yes | 142 | 0.8 | (0.6 to 0.9) | 1.3 | (1.1 to 1.6) | 0.2 | (0.1 to 0.4) |
| No | 3 | 0.0 | (0.0 to 0.1) | 0.1 | (0.0 to 0.2) | ||
| Number of medicines (N06BA) | |||||||
| 1 | 146 | 0.8 | (0.7 to 1.0) | 1.3 | (1.1 to 1.6) | 0.3 | (0.2 to 0.4) |
| 2+ | 12 | 0.1 | (0.0 to 0.1) | 0.1 | (0.1 to 0.2) | 0.0 | (0.0 to 0.1) |
*%, weighted; N**, unweighted. The sum of each category may not be the total number because of data missing.
†The categories ‘Moderate’, ‘Bad’ and ‘Very Bad’ were collapsed due to low cell frequencies.
ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; SES, socioeconomic status.