Table 3.
Multivariate associations between ADHD medication and risk factors in youth (total sample and youth with ADHD diagnosis only) (OR and 95% CI)
| All children
N=11,142* |
Children with ADHD diagnosis N=586† |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Gender | <0.001 | 0.171 | ||
| Boys | 5.16 (3.15 to 8.47) | 1.50 (0.84 to 2.7) | ||
| Girls | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.018 | 0.036 | ||
| 6–10 | 1.60 (0.94 to 2.72) | 2.04 (1.09 to 3.81) | ||
| 11–13 | 2.24 (1.28 to 3.94) | 2.19 (1.16 to 4.11) | ||
| 14–17 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | ||
| Region | 0.257 | 0.136 | ||
| East | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | ||
| West | 1.32 (0.83 to 2.12) | 1.41 (0.90 to 2.23) | ||
| Urbanicity | 0.014 | |||
| Rural | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 0.127 | |
| Small-size urban | 1.60 (0.81 to 3.18) | 1.60 (0.84 to 3.04) | ||
| Medium-size urban | 1.78 (0.94 to 3.41) | 1.96 (1.07 to 3.60 | ||
| Metropolitan | 2.18 (1.13 to 4.22) | 2.02 (1.03 to 3.98) | ||
| Migrant background | 0.008 | 0.727 | ||
| Yes | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | ||
| No | 3.06 (1.34 to 6.99) | 1.22 (0.39 to 3.81) | ||
| SES | 0.500 | 0.128 | ||
| Low | 1.29 (0.75 to 2.21) | 0.52 (0.27 to 0.98) | ||
| Middle | 1.33 (0.82 to 2.14) | 0.64 (0.35 to 1.19) | ||
| High | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | ||
| Parent-rated subjective health status | 0.018 | 0.127 | ||
| Excellent | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | ||
| Good | 1.91 (1.18 to 3.08) | 1.22 (0.68 to 2.19) | ||
| Moderate/Bad/Very Bad | 1.18 ( 0.51 to 2.74) | 0.53 (0.21 to 1.33) | ||
| Tobacco smoking during pregnancy | 0.221 | |||
| Regular | 1.64 (0.85 to 3.18) | 0.46 (0.16 to 1.28) | 0.322 | |
| From time to time | 0.78 (0.41 to 1.48) | 0.71 (0.32 to 1.57) | ||
| Never | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | ||
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | 0.427 | 0.675 | ||
| Regular | 3.16 (0.27 to 37.01) | 0.82 (0.06 to 11.64) | ||
| From time to time | 0.77 (0.44 to 1.25) | 1.13 (0.09 to 14.66) | ||
| Never | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | ||
| Last visit to a doctor | <0.001 | 0.025 | ||
| < 4 weeks | 3.18 (1.29 to 7.85) | 2.07 (0.77 to 5.54) | ||
| 1−< 3 months | 3.59 (1.45 to 8.90) | 2.96 (1.12 to 7.77) | ||
| 3−12 months | 1.35 (0.52 to 3.52) | 1.29 (0.44 to 3.79) | ||
| 12+months | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | ||
| Nagelkerke pseudo-R2 | 10.6% | 11.7% |
Italicised values indicate significant results.
*6308 subjects are missing due to list-wise deletion.
†68 subjects are missing due to list-wise deletion.
ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; SES, socioeconomic status.