Table 1.
Apoptin | HAMLET | TRAIL | MDA7 | E4orf4 | NS1 | Brevinin-2R | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein origin | Chicken anaemia virus |
Complex between human milk protein α-lactalbumin and oleic acid |
TNF family-related apoptosis-inducing ligand |
IL-10 cytokine family member |
Adenovirus type 2 |
Parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) |
Rana ridibunda |
Subcellular localization |
Cytoplasm (normal cells) nucleus (cancer) |
Cytoplasm (normal cells) nucleus (cancer) |
Extracellular receptor binding |
Extracellular receptor binding |
Nucleus (early) cytoplasm (late) |
Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm (lysosomes) |
Mechanism of (tumour-selective) cell death |
Apoptosis – intrinsic pathway |
Apoptosis, autophagy |
Apoptosis – extrinsic pathway |
Apoptosis – extrinsic pathway |
Apoptosis-like | Autophagy | Autophagy |
p53-dependence | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? |
Therapeutic status |
Preclinical studies |
Phase I and II clinical trials |
Phase I and II clinical trials |
Phase I and II clinical trials |
Preclinical studies |
Preclinical studies |
Preclinical studies |