Table 4.

Summary of the effects of prenatal lifestyle intervention studies with regard to gestational weight gain, maternal weight retention, and infant birth weight.

Reference	Intervention	Gestational weight gain (GWG)		Maternal weight retention postpartum	Changes in infant birth weight/prevention of large and small infant at birth
Gray-Donald et al. [64]	Nutrition (recommendations) Physical activity (supervised) Advice to stay within GWG recommendations	Mean GWG      unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM       NA	Mean weight retention at 6 weeks      unsuccessful	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful
Polley et al. [58]	Nutrition (newsletters) Physical activity (newsletters) Info about appropriate GWG	Mean GWG      unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM      Partially successful (only in NW women)	Mean weight retention at 8  ±  7 weeks      unsuccessful	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful
Olson et al. [61]	Nutrition (newsletters) Physical activity (newsletters) Guidance about self-monitoring of GWG	Mean GWG      unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM      Partially successful (only in low SES women)	Mean weight retention at 1 year      Partially successful (only in low SES OW women)	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful
Kinnunen et al. [63]	Nutrition (counseling) Physical activity (supervised) Guidance about self-monitoring of GWG	Mean GWG      unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM      unsuccessful	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight       NA	≥4,000 g      successful
Asbee et al. [55]	Nutrition (plan) Physical activity (recommendations) Information about GWG guidelines	Mean GWG      successful	Adherence to 1990 IOM      unsuccessful	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight       NA
Mottola et al. [44]	Nutrition (plan) Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG      successful	Adherence to 1990 IOM      successful	Mean weight retention at 8 weeks      successful	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful	<2,500 g      successful      4,000–4,500 g      successful
Guelinckx et al. [65]	Nutrition (brochure/counseling) Physical activity (brochure/counseling) Tips to limit GWG	Mean GWG      unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM      unsuccessful	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful	>4,000 g      unsuccessful
Phelan et al. [59]	Nutrition (recommendations) Physical activity (recommendations) Recommendations about appropriate GWG	Mean GWG      unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM      Partially successful (only in NW women)	≤pre-pregnancy body weight at 6 months      successful	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful	<2,500 g      unsuccessful      >4,000 g      unsuccessful
Claesson et al. [56]	Nutrition (recommendations) Physical activity (supervised) Motivational interview	Mean GWG      successful	<7.0 kg (study goal)       successful	Mean weight retention at 10–12 weeks      successful	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful
Shirazian et al. [57]	Nutrition (counseling) Physical activity (counseling) GWG goal	Mean GWG      successful	≤6.8 kg (study goal)    unsuccessful	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight    unsuccessful
Lindholm et al. [66]	Nutrition (counseling) Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG	≤6.0 kg (goal of study)       unsuccessful	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight       NA
Hui et al. [60]	Nutrition (counseling) Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG      unsuccessful	Adherence to 2009 IOM      successful	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful	LGA (not defined)      unsuccessful
Vinter et al. [62]	Nutrition (counseling) Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG      successful	Adherence to 2009 IOM      successful (P  =  0.058)	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful	>4,000 g      unsuccessful
Yeo [71]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG      unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM      unsuccessful	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight       NA
Cavalcante et al. [70]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG      unsuccessful	Adherence to IOM       NA	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful	<2,500 g      unsuccessful
Barakat et al. [69]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG      unsuccessful	Adherence to 2009 IOM       NA	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful	<2,500 g      unsuccessful      >4,000      unsuccessful
Barakat et al. [72]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG      unsuccessful	Adherence to 2009 IOM       NA	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful
Haakstad and Bø [67]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG      Partially successful   (only if attendance to 2 ex sessions/week)	Adherence to 2009 IOM      Partially successful   (only if attendance to 2 ex sessions/week)	Mean weight retention at 8–12 weeks      Partially successful   (only if attendance to 2 ex sessions/week)	Mean birth weight       NA
Nascimento et al. [68]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG      Partially successful   (in OW women)	Adherence to 2009 IOM      unsuccessful	Mean weight retention      NA	Mean birth weight       unsuccessful	SGA (not defined)    unsuccessful    LGA (not defined)    unsuccessful

Abbreviations: IOM: Institute of Medicine; NA: non available: SES: socioeconomic status; NW: normal weight; OW: overweight.