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The signaling pathways reported to induce SOCS3 expression (3,4,6,8) in STAT3-independent manners. PGE2- or forskolin-induced cAMP signaling can activate PKA and CREB binding to an AP1/CRE element on an SOCS3 promoter. IFN-γ–induced STAT1 signaling and IL-4/IL-13–induced STAT6 signaling stimulate the SOCS3 promoter by binding to SRE elements. [8], [10, 11], and [12]: references (8), (10,11), and (12), respectively.
