Table 1.
Oxidation of Dietary Fructose, Glucose, and Other Sugars in Tracer Studies(1)
| Subjects | Exercise | Hours | Sugar dosage (g) | Tracer | Oxidation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 M |
No |
6 |
0.9 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru(L1) |
42.9% |
[70](2) |
| 9 F |
No |
6 |
0.9 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru |
43% |
|
| 8 M + 6 F |
No |
6 |
0.75 glu/kg bw |
13C-glu(L1) |
24.5% |
[48] |
| 8 M + 6 F |
No |
6 |
0.75 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru(L1) |
30.5% |
|
| M + 3 F |
No |
6 |
0.5 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru(L2) |
56% |
[49](2) |
| 3 M + 3 F |
No |
6 |
1.0 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru |
59% |
|
| 4 M + 4 F |
No |
3 |
0.9 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru(L3) |
38.5% |
[52](2) |
| 7 obese F |
No |
3 |
0.9 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru |
34.9% |
|
| 8 type-2 (4 M) |
No |
3 |
0.9 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru |
31.3% |
|
| 10 M |
yes |
2 |
0.6 malt/min |
13C-glu(L4) |
81.7% (0.49 g/min) |
[82] |
| 10 M |
yes |
2 |
0.3 fru + 0.6 malt/min |
13C-fru(L4) |
62.0% (0.18 g/min) |
|
| 10 M |
yes |
2 |
0.5 fru + 0.6 malt/min |
13C-fru |
54.0% (0.27 g/min) |
|
| 10 M |
yes |
2 |
0.7 fru + 0.6 malt/min |
13C-fru |
52.0% (0.36 g/min) |
|
| 6 M |
Yes |
2 |
100 galactose |
13C-galactose(L1) |
23.7% |
[60] |
| 6 M |
Yes |
2 |
100 fru |
13C-fru(L1) |
38.8% |
|
| 6 M |
Yes |
2 |
100 glu |
13C-glu(L1) |
40.5% |
|
| 6 M |
yes |
2 |
100 fru |
13C-fru(L1) |
43.8% |
[47] |
| 6 M |
yes |
2 |
100 glu |
13C-glu(L1) |
48.1% |
|
| 6 M |
yes |
2 |
100 fru + 120 sucr |
13C-fru |
42.0% (42 g) |
|
| 6 M |
yes |
2 |
100 glu + 120 sucr |
13C-glu |
50.2% (50.2 g) |
|
| 18 M |
yes |
2 |
1.33 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru(L1) |
36.7% (35.7 g) |
[62] |
| 18 M |
yes |
2 |
1.33 glu/kg bw |
13C-glu(L1) |
57.2% (56.1 g) |
|
| 6 M |
yes |
2 |
100 fru |
13C-fru(L1) |
45.8% |
[61](2,3) |
| 6 M |
yes |
2 |
100 glu |
13C-glu(L1) |
58.3% |
|
| 6 M |
yes |
2 |
50 fru + 50 glu |
13C-fru + 13C-glu |
73.6% |
|
| 6 M |
yes |
3 |
150 fru |
13C-fru(L2) |
38.0% |
[50] |
| 6 M |
yes |
3 |
150 glu |
13C-glu(L2) |
54.0% |
|
| 5 M |
yes |
2 |
1.33 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru(L4) |
51.0% (49 g) |
[65] |
| 5 M |
yes |
2 |
1.33 glu/kg bw |
13C-glu(L4) |
60.4% (58 g) |
|
| 5 M3 |
yes |
2 |
1.33 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru |
37.5% (36 g) |
|
| 5 M3 |
yes |
2 |
1.33 glu/kg bw |
13C-glu |
58.3% (56 g) |
|
| 6 M |
yes |
2 |
1.33 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru(L4) |
54.0% (53 g) |
[64](3) |
| 6 M |
yes |
2 |
1.33 glu/kg bw |
13C-glu(L4) |
72.0% (70 g) |
|
| 6 M |
yes |
2 |
100 fru |
13C-fru(L4) |
54% |
[55] |
| 6 M |
yes |
2 |
100 glu |
13C-glu(L4) |
67% |
|
| 7 M |
yes |
3 |
140 fru |
13C-fru(L4) |
56% |
[63](3) |
| 7 M |
yes |
3 |
140 glu |
13C-glu(L4) |
75% |
|
| 10 M |
yes |
2 |
1.0 fru/kg bw |
13C-fru(L2) |
43.0% (30 g) |
[56] |
| 10 M |
yes |
2 |
1.0 glu/kg bw |
13C-glu(L2) |
37.1% (26 g) |
|
| 8 M |
yes |
2 |
0.5 fru + 1.0 glu/min |
13C-fru + 13C-glu(L2) |
72.7% (1.09 g/min) |
[68](3,4) |
| 8 M |
yes |
2 |
1.5 glu/min |
13C-glu |
50.7% (0.76 g/min) |
|
| 8 M |
yes |
2 |
1.2 sucr/min |
13C-sucr(L1) |
78.3% (0.94 g/min) |
[67](4) |
| 8 M |
yes |
2 |
1.2 glu/min |
14C-glu(L1) |
58.3% (0.70 g/min) |
|
| 8 M |
yes |
2 |
0.6 sucr + 0.6 glu/min |
13C-sucr + 14C-glu |
70.8% (0.85 g/min) |
|
| 9 M |
yes |
2.5 |
1.8 glu/min |
13C-glu(L2) |
53.3% (0.96 g/min) |
[69](4) |
| 9 M |
yes |
2.5 |
0.6 sucr + 1.2 glu/min |
13C-sucr + 13C-glu(L2) |
62.2% (1.12 g/min) |
|
| 9 M |
yes |
2.5 |
0.6 malt + 1.2 glu/min |
13C-malt + 13C-glu(L2) |
52.2% (0.94 g/min) |
|
| 8 M |
yes |
2 |
1.8 glu /min |
14C-glu(L1) |
38.7% (0.75 g/min) |
[66](4) |
| 8 M | yes | 2 | 0.6 fru + 1.2 glu/min | 13C-fru + 14C-glu(L1) | 64.4% (1.16 g/min) |
(1): hours = study monitoring hours, fru = fructose, glu = glucose, sucr = sucrose, malt = maltose; bw = body weight; M = male, F = female; type-2 = type-2 diabetes. In the reference column, (2) = with glucose infusion. (3) = non-fasting subjects. (4) = oxidation data of the 2nd hour or the last 1.5 hours. In the column of “Tracer”, superscripted L1 = labeled uniformly, L2 = naturally enriched, L3 = labeled at position 1, and L4 = 13C position not indicated.