Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample with chronic conditions and its difference between men and womena
| Variables | Total | Men | Women | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) |
6,195 (100%) |
2,862 (46.2%) |
3,333 (53.8%) |
- |
| Mean age in years (SD) b |
58.5 (16.7) |
58.4 (16.8) |
58.6 (16.6) |
0.75 |
| Marital status (%) |
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Never Married |
13.0 |
13.9 |
12.3 |
|
| Married |
70.6 |
78.3 |
64.0 |
|
| Widowed |
12.1 |
4.3 |
18.9 |
|
| Divorced/Separated |
4.2 |
3.5 |
4.9 |
|
| Education levels (%) |
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Primary |
44.8 |
37.4 |
51.1 |
|
| Secondary |
39.6 |
43.2 |
36.5 |
|
| Tertiary or above |
15.7 |
19.4 |
12.4 |
|
| Monthly family income (HK$ c, %) |
|
|
0.09 |
|
| No income or <5,000 |
26.9 |
25.3 |
28.2 |
|
| 5,000–9,999 |
17.6 |
17.2 |
17.6 |
|
| 10,000–19,999 |
25.1 |
26.1 |
24.1 |
|
| 20,000–29,999 |
14.6 |
15.1 |
14.2 |
|
| ≥ 30,000 |
15.8 |
16.4 |
15.4 |
|
| Number of chronic conditions d (%) |
|
|
|
<0.05 |
| 1 |
60.8 |
62.0 |
59.7 |
|
| 2 |
25.7 |
25.6 |
25.8 |
|
| ≥ 3 |
13.5 |
12.4 |
14.5 |
|
| Body mass index, kg/m2 |
24.5 (4.2) |
24.5 (3.9) |
24.5 (4.4) |
0.79 |
| Current high risk drinker (yes, %) |
4.8 |
8.3 |
1.8 |
<0.001 |
| Current smoker (yes, %) |
12.2 |
22.1 |
3.6 |
<0.001 |
| Physically more active (yes, %) |
30.2 |
30.3 |
30.1 |
>0.05 |
| Level of depressive symptom severity (PHQ-9 score, %) |
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Minimal depression (scores 0–4) |
83.0 |
86.2 |
80.3 |
|
| Mild (5–9) |
12.8 |
10.7 |
14.6 |
|
| Moderate (10–14) |
2.8 |
1.9 |
3.6 |
|
| Moderately severe (15–19) |
1.0 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
|
| Severe (≥20) |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
|
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score) e |
2.29 (3.38) |
1.94 (3.10) |
2.60 (3.57) |
<0.001 |
| Non-somatic depression score (PHQ-6) |
0.95 (2.07) |
0.82 (1.91) |
1.06 (2.20) |
<0.001 |
| Somatic depression score (PHQ-3) |
1.34 (1.71) |
1.11 (1.57) |
1.54 (1.81) |
<0.001 |
| Life stress f |
0.16 (0.36) |
0.14 (0.34) |
0.17 (0.37) |
<0.001 |
| Living alone (yes, %) |
14.7 |
12.6 |
16.5 |
<0.001 |
| Family satisfaction g |
6.47 (3.49) |
6.31 (3.48) |
6.60 (3.50) |
<0.01 |
| Neighborhood cohesion h | 2.49 (0.62) | 2.53 (0.60) | 2.47 (0.63) | <0.001 |
a P values for difference between men and women.
b Unless otherwise indicated, data presented are mean (standard division).
c US$ 1 = HK$7.8.
d Summed by self-reported hypertension, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, dyslipidemia, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, digestive disease, chronic musculoskeletal condition and cancer.
e Measured by PHQ-9; scores range from 0 to 27, higher scores indicate greater severity of depressive symptom.
f Measured by the stressful life event questionnaire; scores range from 0 to 4.59, higher scores indicate greater life events related stress.
g Measured by Family APGAR; scores range from 0 to 10, higher scores indicate greater satisfaction with family support.
h Perceived neighborhood social cohesion; scores range from 1 to 5, higher scores indicate greater social cohesion.