Table 2.
The multilevel regression model of depressive symptomsaand PHQ-6 scores with demographic variablesb, life stress, family satisfaction, and neighborhood cohesion in those with chronic conditions (N = 6,195)
|
Variables |
PHQ-9 scores |
PHQ-6 scores |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unstandardized coefficients | Std. Error | Standardized coefficients | t | Unstandardized coefficients | Std. Error | Standardized coefficients | t | |
| Age (years) |
0.00 c |
0.00 |
0.02 |
1.39 |
0.00 c ** |
0.00 |
0.04 |
2.84 |
| Gender (female vs. male) |
0.55*** |
0.08 |
0.09 |
7.31 |
0.15** |
0.05 |
0.04 |
3.21 |
| Marital status (unmarried vs. married) |
0.19* |
0.02 |
0.03 |
2.06 |
0.16** |
0.06 |
0.03 |
2.75 |
| Number of chronic conditions |
0.54*** |
0.04 |
0.15 |
11.97 |
0.27*** |
0.03 |
0.12 |
9.54 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) |
−0.05*** |
0.01 |
−0.07 |
−5.21 |
−0.02** |
0.01 |
−0.04 |
−3.20 |
| Alcohol problem drinking (yes vs. no) |
0.36* |
0.18 |
0.03 |
2.06 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.01 |
1.01 |
| Physical activity (more active vs. less active) |
−0.23** |
0.08 |
−0.04 |
−2.76 |
−0.15* |
−0.05 |
−0.04 |
−2.91 |
| Life stress |
3.84*** |
0.10 |
0.46 |
36.54 |
2.30*** |
0.07 |
0.44 |
35.0 |
| Family satisfaction |
−0.11*** |
0.01 |
−0.12 |
−9.53 |
−0.05*** |
0.01 |
−0.10 |
−7.61 |
| Gender by family satisfaction interaction |
−0.05* |
0.02 |
−0.03 |
−2.20 |
−0.03* |
0.01 |
−0.02 |
−2.25 |
| Neighborhood cohesion |
−0.22*** |
0.06 |
−0.04 |
3.47 |
−0.16*** |
0.04 |
0.05 |
−3.99 |
| Living alone (yes vs. no) |
0.18 |
0.12 |
0.02 |
1.46 |
0.09 |
0.08 |
0.02 |
1.19 |
| R2 for the full model d | ||||||||
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
a Depressive symptoms were measured by the PHQ-9.
b Variables that were significant in bivariate analyses were entered as independent variables in the multilevel regression analysis.
c The coefficients were small and below two decimals.
d Intra-class correlation within family was 0.12 for both PHQ-9 and PHQ-6.