Table 4.

Parent-Reported Risk Factors for Onset of Adolescent Use and Impairment by 9^th Grade

Predictors	Alcohol	Marijuana	Alcohol and Marijuana	Impairment
Age	.22 (.25)	.53 (.31)	.46 (.23)	.31 (.29)
Family History	.16 (.21)	.46 (.27)	.46 (.28)	.43 (.24)
Dep-Par	.08 (.03)**	.04 (.04)	.06 (.04)	.04 (.03)
Gender	−.44 (.21)*	−.43 (.26)	−.34 (.28)	−.57 (.24)*
CU-Par	.06 (.09)	−.03 (.12)	.00 (.12)	.20 (.10)*
CD-Par	.05 (.08)	.14 (.09)	.19 (.10)*	.06 (.09)
CU×CD	−.04 (.04)	−.02 (.04)	−.03 (.05)	−.06 (.04)
Gender×CU	.06 (.13)	.17 (.16)	.15 (.17)	−.10 (.15)
Gender×CD	.02 (.11)	.02 (.12)	−.04 (.12)	.02 (.11)
Gender×CU×CD	.01 (.05)	−.01 (.06)	.00 (.06)	.05 (.06)

Notes: Data presented are from Step 3 of the hierarchical regression models conducted with each dependent variable. Unstandardized beta (SE). Onset = Whether or not adolescents reported any use or impairment by 9^th grade (0=no, 1=yes); Family History = Parent-rated history of substance use across 1^st and 2^nd degree relatives (yes/no); Dep-Par = Parent-reported DISC depression symptom count from 6^th grade; Gender (0=Female, 1=Male); CU-Par = Parent-reported APSD Callous-Unemotional scale administered in 6^th grade; CD-Par = Parent-reported DISC Conduct Disorder symptom count from 6^th grade. Age, depression, CU and CD were centered across gender. All interactions were computed using centered variables.

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01