Table 1.
Characteristics of women aged 18–44 years in the BioCycle Study, Buffalo, NY, 2005–2007.
| Characteristic Mean (SD) or n (%) | Total Population N=248 | ≥10th percentile (1.04–1.41 g/cm2) Whole body BMD N=223 | <10th percentile (0.86–1.03 g/cm2) Whole body BMD N=25 | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metals
| ||||
| Cadmium μg/l | 0.36 (0.29) | 0.36 (0.29) | 0.33 (0.29) | 0.92 |
| Lead μg/dl | 1.03 (0.64) | 1.02 (0.64) | 1.09 (0.66) | 0.76 |
| Mercury μg/l | 1.51 (1.34) | 1.55 (1.36) | 1.91 (1.08) | 0.19 |
|
| ||||
| Demographics
| ||||
| Age (years) | 27.4 (8.2) | 27.9 (8.3) | 23.4 (5.3) | 0.009 |
| Age at Menarche (years) | 12.6 (1.24) | 12.6 (1.24) | 12.9 (1.01) | 0.19 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 (3.9) | 24.3 (3.9) | 22.5 (3.4) | 0.39 |
| Height (cm) | 164.06 (6.21) | 164.40 (6.19) | 161.90 (6.26) | 0.06 |
| Race | 0.18 | |||
| White | 147 (59) | 133 (60) | 14 (56) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 50 (20) | 46 (20) | 4 (16) | |
| Asian | 36 (15) | 29 (13) | 7 (28) | |
| Other | 15 (6) | 15 (7) | 0 (0) | |
| Smoker | 0.60 | |||
| No/Former | 238 (96) | 213 (96) | 25 (100) | |
| Environmental Tobacco Smoke | 0.20 | |||
| Yes | 149 (60) | 131 (59) | 18 (72) | |
| Physical Activity | 0.63 | |||
| Low | 22 (9) | 19 (9) | 3 (12) | |
| Med | 90 (36) | 80 (36) | 10 (40) | |
| High | 136 (55) | 124 (56) | 12 (48) | |
| Parity | 0.004 | |||
| Nulliparous | 179 (73) | 155 (71) | 24 (96) | |
| Ever consume alcohol | 0.48 | |||
| Yes | 163 (66) | 148 (67) | 15 (60) | |
| Education | 0.41 | |||
| >High School | 216 (87) | 195 (87) | 4 (16) | |
|
| ||||
| Diet
| ||||
| Calories (kcal/day) | 1608.9 (392.1) | 1611.2 (404.0) | 1588.6 (268.6) | 0.02 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 918.2 (604.3) | 924.4 (625.0) | 900.0 (443.7) | 0.80 |
| Vitamin D (mcg/day) | 4.7 (3.7) | 4.8 (3.8) | 4.0 (2.9) | 0.31 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 272.7 (149.5) | 272.9 (152.7) | 287.2 (130.6) | 0.66 |
| Phosphorous (mg/day) | 1158.0 (606.9) | 1163.7 (623.2) | 1151.8 (493.4) | 0.93 |
| Vitamin K (μg/day) | 125.0 (126.3) | 118.0 (106.2) | 166.6 (222.5) | 0.30 |
| Omega-3 (g/day) | 1.42 (0.83) | 1.40 (0.79) | 1.59 (1.18) | 0.43 |
| PUFA 18:2 (g/day) | 10.85 (5.85) | 10.81 (5.70) | 11.60 (6.86) | 0.52 |
| Dark fish (servings/3 months) | 10.13 (25.34) | 10.54 (26.65) | 7.36 (13.35) | 0.32 |
*
Fisher’s exact test, chi-square or t-test
PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid