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Diabetic nephropathy markers.
| Current markers | Candidate markers in future |
|---|---|
| 1. Creatinine, Cystatin C (estimated GFR). | 1. Urinary podocytes |
| 2. Microalbuminuria | 2. NGAL |
| 3. Macroalbuminuria or Proteinuria | 3. KIM-1 |
| 4. Smad 1 | |
| 5. CTGF | |
| 6. TGF-β | |
| 7. TNF-α |
NGAL = Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin; KIM-1 = Kidney Injury Molecule 1; CTGF = Connective tissue growth factor; TGF-β = Transforming growth factor beta; TNF-α = Tumor necrosis factor alpha.
