Table 2.

Therapeutic modalities in diabetic nephropathy.

Current therapy	Emerging therapy	Potential therapy for future
1. Intensive glycemic control.	1. Thiazolidinediones/PPAR-gamma agonists.	1. Islet cell transplant.
- Pharmacologic measures.	2. ACE-2.	2. Aldose reductase inhibitors.
- Pancreas transplant.	3. Endothelin receptor blockers.	3. Sulodexide (GAG).
2. Blood pressure control.	4. AGE inhibitors.	4. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors.
- Drugs affecting RAAS:	5. Vitamin D activation.	5. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) inhibitors.
. ACE inhibitor		6. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) inhibitors.
. ARB		7. Bardoxolone
. Direct renin inhibitor
. Aldosterone antagonist
- Drugs not affecting RAAS:
. NDHP CCB
. B-blocker
. Diuretics
3. Lipid lowering agents.
4. Lifestyle modification.