TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients achieving ROSC stratified by duration of resuscitation*
| Overall (n=31,198) | ≤10 minutes (n=13,964) | 11–19 minutes (n=7,881) | 20–29 minutes (n=4,933) | ≥30 minutes (n=4,420) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0·0001 | |||||
| Median | 69 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 68 | |
| Interquartile Range | 57–78 | 56–78 | 57–78 | 57–79 | 56–78 | |
| Male Sex, % (n) | 55·8 (17,405) | 55·5 (7,753) | 56·3 (4,439) | 55·8 (2,750) | 55·7 (2,463) | 0·723 |
| Race, % (n) | <0·0001 | |||||
| Black | 19·0 (5,921) | 18·7 (2,615) | 21·2 (1,672) | 17·1 (842) | 17·9 (792) | |
| Non-black | 81·0 (25,277) | 81·3 (11,349) | 78·8 (6,209) | 82·9 (4,091) | 82·1 (3,628) | |
| Pre-existing conditions, % (n) | ||||||
| Renal insufficiency | 37·1 (11,576) | 36·3 (5,064) | 39·1 (3,083) | 37·3 (1,840) | 36·0 (1,589) | <0·0001 |
| Hepatic insufficiency | 8·8 (2,748) | 8·9 (1,244) | 8·9 (699) | 8·4 (412) | 8·9 (393) | 0·676 |
| Malignancy | 11·9 (3,725) | 11·3 (1,582) | 13·0 (1,027) | 12·2 (600) | 11·7 (516) | 0·002 |
| Decrease in CNS function | 13·9 (4,347) | 14·8 (2,064) | 14·2 (1,120) | 13·1 (644) | 11·7 (519) | <0·0001 |
| Septicemia | 17·7 (5,534) | 18·2 (2,547) | 18·5 (1,459) | 17·1 (845) | 15·5 (683) | <0·0001 |
| Major trauma | 3·5 (1,082) | 4·1 (577) | 3·1 (247) | 2·7 (132) | 2·9 (126) | <0·0001 |
| Acute stroke | 4·5 (1,398) | 4·7 (650) | 4·4 (350) | 4·5 (221) | 4·0 (177) | 0·339 |
| None | 3·1 (956) | 2·8 (392) | 2·9 (225) | 3·2 (158) | 4·1 (181) | <0·0001 |
| Hypotension/hypoperfusion | 28·8 (8,973) | 29·8 (4,166) | 27·6 (2,176) | 27·9 (1,378) | 28·4 (1,253) | 0·002 |
| MI during admission | 19·6 (6,127) | 20·8 (2,903) | 18·0 (1,416) | 19·0 (938) | 19·7 (870) | <0·0001 |
| Critical care interventions in place at time of arrest, % (n) | ||||||
| Assisted/mechanical ventilation | 30·4 (9,474) | 36·3 (5,071) | 26·2 (2,067) | 24·8 (1,221) | 25·2 (1,115) | <0·0001 |
| Invasive airway | 30·0 (9,360) | 35·8 (4,996) | 25·8 (2,030) | 24·7 (1,217) | 25·3 (1,117) | <0·0001 |
| Vasopressors | 28·1 (8,772) | 31·5 (4,396) | 25·5 (2,008) | 25·0 (1,235) | 25·6 (1,133) | <0·0001 |
| Antiarrhythmics | 7·5 (2,327) | 8·5 (1,182) | 6·6 (523) | 6·5 (318) | 6·9 (304) | <0·0001 |
| Vasodilators | 1·6 (495) | 1·9 (265) | 1·2 (91) | 1·4 (69) | 1·6 (70) | <0·0001 |
| Arterial line | 11·2 (3,480) | 13·4 (1,875) | 9·3 (730) | 8·9 (440) | 9·8 (435) | <0·0001 |
| Chest tube | 4·3 (1,348) | 4·9 (685) | 3·5 (272) | 4·2 (205) | 4·2 (186) | <0·0001 |
| 1·6 (495) | 1·9 (265) | 1·2 (91) | 1·4 (69) | 1·6 (70) | <0·0001 | |
| Location, % (n) | <0·0001 | |||||
| ICU | 59·4 (18,528) | 66·8 (9,323) | 52·8 (4,160) | 52·8 (2,602) | 55·3 (2,443) | |
| General floor/telemetry | 40·6 (12,670) | 33·2 (4,641) | 47·2 (3,721) | 47·3 (2,331) | 44·7 (1,977) | |
| Rhythm during arrest, % (n) | <0·0001 | |||||
| VT/VF | 25·8 (8,040) | 28·0 (3,912) | 22·8 (1,799) | 25·0 (1,236) | 24·7(1,093) | <0·0001 |
| PEA/asystole | 74·2 (23,158) | 72·0 (10,052) | 77·2 (6,082) | 75·0 (3,697) | 75·3 (3,327) | |
| Illness category, % (n) | <0·0001 | |||||
| Medical/cardiac | 33·8 (10,537) | 33·8 (4,713) | 33·1 (2,611) | 34·3 (1,694) | 34·4 (1,519) | |
| Medical/noncardiac | 43·1 (13,442) | 41·6 (5,808) | 46·3 (3,646) | 44·1 (2,174) | 41·0 (1,814) | |
| Surgical/cardiac | 9·3 (2,907) | 10·2 (1,419) | 7·3 (574) | 8·9 (439) | 10·8 (475) | |
| Surgical/noncardiac and trauma | 13·7 (4,263) | 14·4 (2,007) | 13·2 (1,038) | 12·6 (619) | 13·6 (599) | |
| Obstetric | 0·09 (29) | 0·08 (11) | 0·09 (7) | 0·08 (4) | 0·16 (7) | |
| Other | 0·06 (20) | 0·04 (6) | 0·06 (5) | 0·06 (3) | 0·14 (6) | |
| Witnessed arrest, % (n) | <0·0001 | |||||
| Witnessed | 81·3 (25,367) | 85·3 (11,907) | 78·2 (6,162) | 76·8 (3,790) | 79·4 (3,508) | |
| Not witnessed | 18·7 (5,831) | 14·7 (2,057) | 21·8 (1,719) | 23·2 (1,143) | 20·6 (912) | |
| Arrests on nights/weekends, % (n) | 41·4 (12,929) | 39·5 (5,518) | 43·5 (3,430) | 42·0 (2,071) | 43·2 (1,910) | <0·0001 |
*
The group resuscitated for 11–19 minutes excludes those resuscitated ≤10 minutes and ≥20 minutes; the group resuscitated for 20–29 minutes excludes those resuscitated ≤20 minutes and ≥30 minutes; the group resuscitated for ≥30 minutes excludes those resuscitated <30 minutes
CHF = congestive heart failure; CNS = central nervous system; ICU = intensive care unit; MI = myocardial infarction; PEA = pulseless electrical activity; VF = ventricular fibrillation; VT = ventricular tachycardia