Table 3.
Phenotypes of knockout mice of autophagy-related genes in stem cells
Genesgenotype | Tissue/promoter | Phenotype | References |
---|---|---|---|
Beclin1−/− | ESC | Die early in embryogenesis | [28, 33] |
Beclin+/− | ESC | Develop tumors, apoptotic cell death | [28] |
Atg5−/− | ESC | Autophagy-dependent defective clearance of apoptotic cell corpses during development | [26, 43] |
Ambra1−/− | ESC | Embryonic lethality | [35] |
Ambragt/gt | ESC/gene-trapped allele | Over proliferation, increased apoptosis | [35] |
Atg7fl/fl | HSC/Vav | Unable to self-renew, defective mitochondrial removal, significantly reduced myeloid and lymphoid progenitors in BM, myeloproliferation of LSK compartment, myeloid leukemia | [12, 40, 44] |
FIP200fl/fl | HSC/ Tie-2 | Embryonic lethality, HSC depletion, loss of self-renewal, block of erythroid maturation, myeloproliferation, increased mitochondrial load and DNA damage | [45] |