Table 4.

Likelihood of forgone health care due to cost by country: logistic regression (odds ratios)

Variables	Categories	AT	BE	CH	DE	DK	ES	FR	GR	IL	IT	NL	SE
Predisposing
Agea	60–69	0.60	0.71	0.87	0.76	0.60	0.41*	0.79	0.68	0.79	1.04	0.46*	0.66
	70–79	0.46	0.44**	0.53	0.70	0.33	0.33**	0.50**	0.28***	0.59**	0.60	0.67	0.30**
	80+	0.46	0.28**	0.28	0.76	0.46	0.33*	0.31**	0.26***	0.52*	0.27**	0.73	0.11**
Genderb	Men	1.22	0.60*	1.26	1.15	0.88	0.84	1.01	0.82	0.83	1.09	0.65	1.24
Family	Unmarried/children	1.36	0.47	1.62	1.28	0.00	1.16	1.47	0.77	1.13	2.30*	1.03	2.08
Statusc	Married	0.78	0.73	0.52	0.85	0.88	0.68	0.97	0.82	0.76	1.80	0.81	0.66
	Married/children	2.23	0.69	0.24	1.43	0.00	0.81	1.43	0.75	1.46	1.38	0.75	0.73
Need
ADLd	>0	1.04	1.01	0.71	0.89	2.42	2.43*	1.12	2.46**	0.95	1.21	1.68	1.20
IADLd	>0	1.95	2.16**	2.58	1.37	0.49	1.00	1.04	0.77	1.42	1.29	1.13	0.72
SPHe	<Good	1.24	1.26	1.43	1.24	0.90	1.20	0.81	1.21	1.64**	1.85*	1.75	1.25
Conditionsf	1–2	0.75	1.06	0.78	1.34	0.46	0.63	1.07	1.24	1.13	0.76	1.11	0.67
	3+	0.81	1.78	1.90	1.34	1.08	0.94	1.10	1.77	1.27	0.87	1.94	0.90
Symptomsf	1–2	3.27**	2.26**	0.90	1.26	6.81*	1.66	1.67*	2.12**	0.91	2.12*	1.06	1.82*
	3+	3.56*	1.60	0.95	1.86*	12.56**	2.25	2.08**	1.70	0.92	3.59***	1.45	2.67*
Depressiong	>3	1.95	2.39***	3.06**	1.58*	1.66	2.32*	1.83***	3.18***	2.02***	1.50	1.62	1.14
Economic access
Educationh	Low	0.50	0.72	0.69	1.18	1.20	0.53	0.71	1.01	1.36	0.60	0.93	0.43**
	Med	0.39*	0.91	0.92	0.95	1.90	0.42	0.67	0.93	1.19	0.76	0.88	0.96
Incomeh	Low	0.77	1.61	0.29*	0.71	1.80	0.76	1.14	0.83	0.89	0.84	0.28**	0.84
	Med	0.48	0.97	0.41	0.99	1.04	1.60	1.28	0.90	0.87	0.66	0.90	0.99
Wealthh	Low	0.73	1.64	2.17	1.44	3.69	0.98	1.26	0.93	0.83	2.05**	1.92	1.86
	Med	1.74	1.00	2.09	1.43	1.93	0.95	0.63*	0.56*	1.02	0.95	1.75	0.50
Out-of-pocketi	0.5–4.5	1.23	1.72*	0.72	1.75**	1.16	0.98	1.74**	1.33	1.12	1.31	1.45	1.22
	>4.5	1.57	0.80	1.04	2.47**	0.66	1.77	1.45	2.84***	1.91**	2.14**	3.09*	2.05
Income inadequacy	Yes	2.79**	5.38***	2.40	2.64***	8.35***	2.47**	2.82***	6.12***	3.12***	4.31***	2.50**	3.40***
Pseudo R 2		0.19	0.27	0.18	0.13	0.35	0.15	0.14	0.24	0.18	0.22	0.17	0.20

* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001

Reference categories: ^a 50–59, ^b Women, ^c Unmarried alone, ^d None, ^e Good/very good, ^f None, ^g 0–2, ^h High, ⁱ <0.50, ^j No