Table 3.
The association between smoking and BCC in HPFS and NHS
| Men (HPFS) |
Women (NHS) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking variables | Cases | Person years | Age-adjusted RR | Multivariable-adjusted RR | Cases | Person years | Age-adjusted RR | MV-adjusted RR | |
| Smoking status | |||||||||
| Never | 3712 | 300 185 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 9015 | 1 303 161 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Past smoker | 4047 | 305 110 | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 8871 | 1 012 350 | 1.15 (1.11–1.18) | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | |
| Current smoker | 430 | 46 051 | 0.80 (0.73–0.89) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 2724 | 550 275 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.00 (0.95–1.04) | |
| Ever smoker | 4477 | 351 161 | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 11 595 | 1 562 625 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | |
| Duration of smoking | |||||||||
| Never | 3712 | 300 185 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 9015 | 1 303 161 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| <20 years | 2153 | 165 274 | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 4494 | 634 042 | 1.21 (1.16–1.25) | 1.12 (1.08–1.16) | |
| 20–29 years | 862 | 71 454 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 2477 | 394 470 | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | 1.09 (1.05–1.14) | |
| 30+ years | 1241 | 98 182 | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) | 0.87 (0.82–0.93) | 4624 | 534 113 | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.20 | 0.86 | |||||
| Daily smoking in current smokers | |||||||||
| Never | 3712 | 300 185 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 9015 | 1 303 161 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 1–14 daily | 156 | 14 700 | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 934 | 179 392 | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | |
| 15+ daily | 202 | 23 819 | 0.74 (0.64–0.85) | 0.77 (0.67–0.89) | 1733 | 369 976 | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 1.03 (0.97–1.08) | |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | 0.0003 | 0.67 | 0.75 | |||||
| Pack years for smokers | |||||||||
| Never | 3712 | 300 185 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 9015 | 1 303 161 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| <10 years | 816 | 65 205 | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 3701 | 492 422 | 1.19 (1.15–1.24) | 1.12 (1.07–1.16) | |
| 10–24 years | 1583 | 124 346 | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 3188 | 461 339 | 1.12 (1.08–1.17) | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) | |
| 25–44 years | 1172 | 90 712 | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 2879 | 393 469 | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | |
| >45 years | 644 | 51 313 | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) | 0.82 (0.76–0.90) | 1827 | 215 394 | 0.98 (0.94–1.04) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.30 | 0.03 | |||||
| Years since quitting in past smokers | |||||||||
| Never | 3172 | 300 185 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 9015 | 1 303 161 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 10+ years | 3363 | 243 796 | 0.98 (0.93–1.02) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 7040 | 722 424 | 1.20 (1.16–1.24) | 1.12 (1.09–1.16) | |
| <10 years | 648 | 59 200 | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 1831 | 289 926 | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) | |
MV-adjusted RR: multivariable-adjusted for body mass index; physical activity (quintiles); history of cardiovascular diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and non-skin cancer; childhood reaction to sun; severe sunburns; moles; hair colour; family history of melanoma; sun exposures at different age intervals and UV index at birth, age 15 and age 30 years.