Table 1.
Risk factors for low BMD and fragility/low-energy fractures: lines of evidence (according to levels of evidence (level 1: evidence from RCTs or metanalyses of RCTs, level 2: evidence from prospective cohort studies or poor quality RCTs; level 3: evidence from case-control studies or retrospective cohort studies).
| Risk factors | for BMD | for fractures |
|---|---|---|
| BMD | 1 | 1 |
| Age | 1 | 1 |
| Fragility fractures after 40 yrs of age | 2 | 1 |
| Family history of fragility fractures | 2 | 2 |
| Chronic corticosteroid therapy | 1 | 1 |
| Premature menopause (<45 yrs) | 1 | 2 |
| Weight | 1 | 2 |
| Reduced calcium intake | 1 | 1 |
| Reduce physical activity | 2 | 2 |
| Smoking | 2 | 1 |
| Alcohol abuse | 2 | 3 |
| Risk factors for falls | --- | 1 |