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Progressive improvements in L. lactis secretion achieved by directed evolution. (A) Nucleotide sequence alignment of selected clones (only differences from Usp45sp are shown). (B) α-Amylase activity of selected clones at 0.1 ng/ml (light gray), 1 ng/ml (medium gray), and 10 ng/ml (dark gray) nisin induction. The data represent the means ± SEM of the results of three independent experiments. Arrows below the graph show the evolutionary relationships between the different selected clones.
