Table 4.
Detection of enterococcal species in different fecal and water samples using TaqMan qPCR assays
| Sample type | Sampling location(s) | No. of samples | No. (%) of positive samples with Entero1 (G) | No. (%) of positive samples with Faecalis1 (A) | No. (%) of positive samples with Casseli1 (B) | No. (%) of positive samples with Faecium1 (C) | Relationship between different assays (% positive)a |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n(S) | n(G ∩ S) | n(G ∪ S) | |||||||
| Fecal | |||||||||
| Goat | Puerto Rico | 32 | 32 (100) | 18 (56) | 7 (22) | 30 (94) | 32 (100) | 31 (97) | 32 (100) |
| Horse | Puerto Rico | 28 | 28 (100) | 7 (25) | 3 (11) | 22 (79) | 24 (86) | 24 (86) | 28 (100) |
| Monkey | Puerto Rico | 9 | 9 (100) | 7 (78) | 9 (100) | 6 (67) | 9 (100) | 9 (100) | 9 (100) |
| Pig | Puerto Rico | 30 | 30 (100) | 26 (87) | 26 (87) | 29 (97) | 30 (100) | 30 (100) | 30 (100) |
| Wildlifeb | California | 77 | 61 (79) | 13 (17) | 9 (12) | 39 (51) | 49 (64) | 49 (64) | 61 (79) |
| Chicken | Puerto Rico | 35 | 35 (100) | 24 (69) | 19 (54) | 31 (89) | 34 (97) | 34 (97) | 35 (100) |
| Duck | Puerto Rico | 16 | 16 (100) | 9 (56) | 13 (81) | 15 (94) | 16 (100) | 16 (100) | 16 (100) |
| Guinea fowl | Puerto Rico | 11 | 11 (100) | 1 (9.1) | 2 (18) | 6 (55) | 6 (55) | 6 (55) | 11 (100) |
| Gullc | California, Delaware, and France | 220 | 108 (49) | 82 (37) | 10 (4.5) | 33 (15) | 87 (40) | 83 (38) | 112 (51) |
| Pelican | California | 10 | 10 (100) | 10 (100) | 7 (70) | 9 (90) | 10 (100) | 10 (100) | 10 (100) |
| Swan | Puerto Rico | 22 | 22 (100) | 6 (27) | 11 (50) | 18 (82) | 19 (86) | 19 (86) | 22 (100) |
| Turkey | France and Puerto Rico | 7 | 7 (100) | 2 (29) | 6 (86) | 7 (100) | 7 (100) | 7 (100) | 7 (100) |
| Total fecal | 497 | 369 (74) | 205 (41) | 122 (25) | 245 (49) | NAd | NA | NA | |
| Water | |||||||||
| Estuarine water | California | 65 | 55 (85) | 24 (37) | 3 (4.6) | 24 (37) | 31 (48) | 31 (48) | 55 (85) |
| Estuarine water | North Carolina | 109 | 107 (98) | 68 (62) | 9 (8.3) | 34 (31) | 76 (70) | 76 (70) | 107 (98) |
| Surfacee | Puerto Rico | 137 | 69 (50) | 32 (23) | 4 (2.9) | 24 (18) | 37 (27) | 33 (24) | 73 (53) |
| Total water | 311 | 231 (74) | 124 (40) | 16 (5.1) | 82 (26) | NA | NA | NA | |
Results were calculated using a Venn diagram approach, where n(∪) is the total number of samples, n(A) is the number of positive samples with Faecalis1, n(B) is the number of positive samples with Casseli1, n(C) is the number of positive samples with Faecim1, and n(G) is the number of positive samples with Entero1; n(S) = n(A ∪ B ∪ C).
Thirteen different animals: chipmunk, coyote, fox, marmot, yellow-bellied marmot, mule, mule deer, rabbit, jackrabbit, raccoon, snowshoe hare, squirrel, and ground squirrel.
Three species of gull from California (Larus californicus), Delaware (Larus atricilla and Larus smithsonianus), and France (Larus argentatus).
NA, not available.
Water samples were collected from 12 sampling locations in the Arecibo watershed, Puerto Rico, between September 2010 and January 2011 (representing 13 sampling events).