Table 1.
The comparisons of the adolescents who expressed the massacre threat online (n =17) and those who expressed it offline (n = 60)
| Internet | Other ways | Statistics | p | Phi | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gender: girl |
3/17 (18%) |
7/6 (12%) |
# |
0.282 |
0.06 |
|
Stressful life event/s in family during the 6 months prior to the index threat |
11/17 (65%) |
33/60 (55%) |
0.510 |
0.475 |
0.08 |
|
Client of child welfare prior to the index threat |
2/17 (12%) |
19/60 (32%) |
# |
0.104 |
0.19 |
|
Performing well or average academically |
10/17 (59%) |
41/60 (68%) |
0.536 |
0.464 |
0.08 |
|
Mental health contact prior to the index threat |
9/17 (53%) |
35/60 (58%) |
0.157 |
0.692 |
0.05 |
|
Current symptoms in the adolescent psychiatric evaluation | |||||
| Symptoms of anxiety |
14/17 (82%) |
36/60 (60%) |
2.907 |
0.088 |
0.20 |
| Depressive symptoms |
16/17 (94%) |
32/60 (53%) |
9.385 |
0.002* |
0.35 |
| Problems with impulse control |
6/17 (35%) |
40/60 (67%) |
5.421 |
0.020* |
0.27 |
| Aggressive outbursts/tantrums |
9/17 (53%) |
31/60 (52%) |
0.009 |
0.926 |
0.01 |
| Suicidal ideation |
9/17 (53%) |
26/60 (43%) |
0.493 |
0.483 |
0.08 |
| Destroying property |
5/17 (29%) |
27/60 (45%) |
# |
0.028* |
0.13 |
| Non-physical aggression towards others |
5/17 (29%) |
26/60 (43%) |
# |
0.404 |
0.12 |
| Violence against others |
6/17 (35%) |
25/60 (42%) |
0.224 |
0.636 |
0.05 |
| Harmful use of alcohol |
4/17 (24%) |
15/60 (25%) |
# |
1.000 |
0.01 |
| Isolation |
7/17 (41%) |
12/60 (20%) |
3.196 |
0.074 |
0.24 |
| Psychotic symptoms |
3/17 (18%) |
15/60 (25%) |
# |
0.748 |
0.07 |
| Attention problems |
5/17 (29%) |
25/60 (42%) |
# |
0.040* |
0.20 |
| Use of illicit drugs |
4/17 (24%) |
2/60 (3%) |
# |
0.019* |
0.31 |
| Running away |
1/17 (6%) |
5/60 (8%) |
# |
0.551 |
0.08 |
| Suicide attempt |
0/17 (0%) |
2/60 (3%) |
# |
1.000 |
0.09 |
| Truancy/school refusal |
3/17 (18%) |
6/60 (10%) |
# |
0.150 |
0.12 |
| Self-harming behavior |
0/17 (0%) |
0/60 (0%) |
|
|
|
| Manic behavior |
0/17 (0%) |
1/60 (2%) |
# |
1.000 |
0.06 |
| Symptoms of eating disorders |
0/17 (0%) |
6/60 (10%) |
# |
0.329 |
0.16 |
| Inappropriate sexual behavior |
0/17 (0%) |
0/60 (0%) |
|
|
|
|
Victim of bullying at school |
12/17 (71%) |
18/60 (30%) |
9.276 |
0.002* |
0.35 |
|
Primary clinical diagnoses | |||||
| F0-09 |
0/17 (0%) |
0/60 (0%) |
|
|
|
| F10-19 |
0/17 (0%) |
0/60 (0%) |
|
|
|
| F20-29 |
1/17 (6%) |
8/60 (13%) |
# |
0.674 |
0.10 |
| F30-39 |
4/17 (24%) |
12/60 (20%) |
# |
0.743 |
0.04 |
| F40-49 |
2/17 (12%) |
6/60 (10%) |
# |
1.000 |
0.02 |
| F50-59 |
0/17 (0%) |
2/60 (3%) |
# |
1.000 |
0.09 |
| F60-69 |
2/17 (12%) |
1/60 (2%) |
# |
0.121 |
0.22 |
| F70-79 |
0/17 (0%) |
1/60 (2 %) |
# |
1.000 |
0.06 |
| F80-89 |
5/17 (29%) |
8/60 (13%) |
# |
0.146 |
0.18 |
| F90-98 |
3/17 (18%) |
15/60 (25%) |
# |
0.785 |
0.07 |
|
No psychiatric diagnosis |
0/17 (0%) |
6/60 (10%) |
# |
0.329 |
0.16 |
|
Previous delinquency | |||||
| Yes |
1/16 (6%) |
20/50 (40%) |
# |
0.013* |
0.31 |
|
A = Attitudes | |||||
| Positive attitudes towards aggressive behavior in general |
13/14 (93%) |
45/51 (88%) |
0.244 |
0.621 |
0.06 |
| Positive attitudes against previous school shootings |
12/15 (86%) |
31/47 (65%) |
1.055 |
0.304 |
0.13 |
| Felt justification for the attack |
12/12 (100%) |
46/50 (92%) |
1.026 |
0.311 |
0.13 |
|
Motive | |||||
| Revenge |
9/17 (53%) |
25/58 (43%) |
0.513 |
0.474 |
0.08 |
| Anger and hatred in general |
5/17 (29%) |
22/58 (38%) |
# |
0.579 |
0.07 |
| Desire to die (homicide-suicide) |
5/17 (29%) |
19/58 (33%) |
# |
1.000 |
0.03 |
| Joke |
0/17 (0%) |
3/58 (5%) |
# |
1.000 |
0.11 |
| Wanting attention |
1/17 (6%) |
3/58 (5%) |
# |
1.000 |
0.01 |
|
C = Capacity to fulfill the threat | |||||
| Yes |
10/12 (83%) |
32/47 (68%) |
1.084 |
0.298 |
0.14 |
|
T = Thresholds crossed | |||||
| Preparations made |
9/16 (56%) |
11/50 (22%) |
6.732 |
0.009* |
0.31 |
|
I = Intention of the threat | |||||
| Clear intention to commit the act |
6/13 (46%) |
8/57 (14%) |
6.825 |
0.009* |
0.31 |
|
O = Others` reactions | |||||
| Parents took the threat seriously |
9/16 (56%) |
29/59 (49%) |
0.254 |
0.615 |
0.06 |
|
N = Non-compliance to risk reaction | |||||
| The adolescent was against psychiatric evaluation/treatment | 6/17 (35%) | 38/60 (53%) | 4.253 | 0.039* | 0.24 |
The chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test (#) were used to compare the groups.
* = statistically significant.