Table 3.
Logistic regression models showing the determinants of health care utilization in urban and rural areas in Zambia (2003)
|
Characteristics |
n (1%) |
Urban |
n (1%) |
Rural |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | |||
|
Age group |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 15-19 |
323 (23.7) |
1 |
1 |
197 (18.5) |
1 |
1 |
| 20-24 |
363 (26.6) |
1.3 (1.0,1.6) |
1.3 (1.0,1.6) |
212 (19.9) |
1.0 (0.7,1.3) |
1.0 (0.6,1.3) |
| 25-29 |
264 (19.4) |
1.9 (1.4,2.4) |
1.7 (1.2,2.3) |
185 (17.4) |
1.0 (0.8,1.4) |
1.0 (0.6,1.4) |
| 30-39 |
289 (21.2) |
2.2 (1.7,2.8) |
2.0 (1.5,3.0) |
281 (26.4) |
1.0 (0.8,1.5) |
1.0 (0.6,1.4) |
| 40-49 |
125 (9.2) |
1.6 (1.3,2.1) |
1.3 (0.8,1.9) |
191 (17.9) |
1.7 (1.2,2.4) |
1.4 (0.9,2.2) |
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Male |
508 (37.2) |
1 |
1 |
461 (43.2) |
1 |
1 |
| Female |
856 (62.8) |
1.3 (1.1,1.5) |
1.4 (1.1,1.6) |
605 (56.8) |
1.0 (0.8,1.2) |
1.2 (0.8,1.3) |
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Single |
720 (52.8) |
1 |
1 |
261 (24.5) |
1 |
1 |
| Married |
535 (39.2) |
1.5 (1.3,1.8) |
1.0 (0.8,1.4) |
706 (66.3) |
1.0 (0.8,1.2) |
1.0 (0.8,1.6) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed |
105 (7.7) |
1.7 (1.2,2.3) |
1.0 (0.6,1.4) |
98 (9.2) |
1.7 (1.1,2.6) |
1.7 (1.0,2.8) |
|
Educational status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0-7 |
211 (15.5) |
1 |
1 |
658 (61.7) |
1 |
1 |
| 8-9 |
234 (17.2) |
1.1 (0.8,1.4) |
1.2 (0.9,1.6) |
203 (19.0) |
1.9 (1.4,2.5) |
1.7 (1.2,2.3) |
| 10+ |
916 (67.2) |
1.4 (1.1,1.7) |
1.7 (1.3,2.1) |
199 (18.9) |
2.1 (1.6,2.8) |
1.4 (1.0,2.0) |
|
Wealth index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Q1 (poorest) |
89 (6.5) |
1 |
1 |
518 (48.6) |
1 |
1 |
| Q2 |
221 (16.2) |
1.1 (0.8,1.6) |
1.0 (0.7, 1.6) |
413 (38.8) |
1.3 (1.0,1.5) |
1.2 (0.9,1.5) |
| Q3 |
836 (61.3) |
1.3 (0.9,1.8) |
1.3 (0.9,1.9) |
75 (7.0) |
1.8 (1.2,2.8) |
1.5 (0.9,2.5) |
| Q4 (least poor) |
218 (16.0) |
1.4 (0.9,1.9) |
1.5 (1.0, 2.2) |
59 (5.5) |
4.8 (2.5,9.0) |
3.4 (1.6, 7.1) |
|
HIV status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Negative |
1066 (78.2) |
1 |
1 |
884 (82.9) |
1 |
1 |
| Positive |
298 (21.8) |
1.7 (1.4,2.1) |
1.1 (0.8,1.4) |
182 (17.1) |
2.0 (1.5,2.7) |
1.3 (1.0,1.9) |
|
Self-rated Health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good/excellent |
1086 (79.1) |
1 |
1 |
769 (72.1) |
1 |
1 |
| Very poor/Poor/fair |
273 (20.9) |
2.5 (1.9,3.1) |
2.0 (1.5,2.6) |
290 (27.9) |
2.4 (1.9,3.1) |
2.0 (1.5,2.7) |
|
Self-reported illness |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
525 (38.6) |
1 |
1 |
200 (18.8) |
1 |
1 |
| Yes |
836 (61.4) |
3.1 (2.7,3.7) |
3.0 (2.2,3.9) |
865 (81.1) |
4.3 (3.5,5.3) |
3.6 (2.9,4.4) |
|
Mental distress |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
1137 (83.4) |
1 |
1 |
900 (84.4) |
1 |
1 |
| Yes | 209 (15.3) | 1.8 (1.4,2.3) | 1.7 (1.4,2.4) | 163 (15.3) | 1.7 (1.2,2.2) | 1.2 (0.9,1.7) |
All confidence intervals adjusted for cluster effect.
Associations in bold are statistically significant.
1% the percentage of respondents who went to any health facility.