Table 7.
Multivariate analyses: drivers of cost in the acute phase (index hospitalisation), healthcare costs and societal costs in the 1-year follow-up after the stroke event
| Dependent variable Log (costs) |
Model 1 (acute phase) |
Model 2 (healthcare costs during follow up) |
Model 3 (total societal costs) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | T | P>t | Coefficient | t | P>t | coefficient | T | P>t | |
| Demographic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Age |
0.0003 |
0.12 |
0.904 |
−0.008 |
−1.42 |
0.158 |
−0.001 |
−0.45 |
0.653 |
| Gender (female=1) |
0.028 |
0.51 |
0.611 |
−0.394 |
−2.65 |
0.008 |
−0.094 |
−1.34 |
0.180 |
| Living with family (vs alone/institution) |
−0.010 |
−0.14 |
0.885 |
−0.264 |
−1.41 |
0.159 |
0.026 |
0.29 |
0.770 |
| North (vs. south and centre) |
0.100 |
1.61 |
0.108 |
−0.013 |
−0.07 |
0.942 |
−0.161 |
−1.98 |
0.048 |
| Centre (vs south and north) |
0.077 |
1.04 |
0.300 |
0.231 |
1.15 |
0.253 |
−0.03 |
−0.29 |
0.771 |
| Clinical |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diabetes mellitus |
0.038 |
0.63 |
0.529 |
0.341 |
2.03 |
0.044 |
0.06 |
0.75 |
0.453 |
| Previous stroke |
0.096 |
1.12 |
0.264 |
−0.104 |
−0.44 |
0.663 |
0.128 |
1.15 |
0.253 |
| Smoker |
0.083 |
−1.29 |
0.199 |
0.146 |
0.83 |
0.409 |
−0.066 |
−0.79 |
0.432 |
| Atrial fibrillation |
0.024 |
0.35 |
0.727 |
0.088 |
0.46 |
0.644 |
0.109 |
1.21 |
0.227 |
| Haemorragic stroke |
0.010 |
0.13 |
0.896 |
0.486 |
2.41 |
0.016 |
0.160 |
1.69 |
0.092 |
| Organizational |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Stroke Unit |
0.172 |
2.31 |
0.021 |
0.061 |
0.29 |
0.769 |
0.019 |
0.20 |
0.842 |
| Neurology ward |
0.307 |
4.76 |
0.000 |
−0.351 |
−1.99 |
0.048 |
0.000 |
0.00 |
0.997 |
| Functional outcomes* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| NIHSS (at admission) |
0.014 |
2.57 |
0.011 |
0.027 |
1.82 |
0.069 |
0.020 |
2.93 |
0.004 |
|
Barthel Index categories** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mild dependence (75–95) |
0.063 |
−0.78 |
0.434 |
0.202 |
0.98 |
0.329 |
0.220 |
2.25 |
0.025 |
| Moderate dependence (46–74) |
0.090 |
1.19 |
0.236 |
0.312 |
1.07 |
0.284 |
0.652 |
4.76 |
0.000 |
| Severe dependence (0–45) |
0.218 |
2.77 |
0.006 |
0.885 |
2.47 |
0.014 |
0.749 |
4.43 |
0.000 |
| Modified Rankin Scale *** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| MRS 3 (moderate disability) |
|
|
|
0.744 |
3.24 |
0.001 |
0.315 |
2.91 |
0.004 |
| MRS 3–5 ( severe disability) |
|
|
|
1.210 |
3.76 |
0.000 |
0.596 |
3.93 |
0.000 |
| Constant |
7.988 |
42.51 |
0.000 |
7.372 |
14.63 |
0.000 |
8.924 |
37.6 |
0.000 |
| Number of obs |
411 |
|
|
411 |
|
|
411 |
|
|
| R-squared |
0.1617 |
|
|
0.3726 |
|
|
0.5307 |
|
|
| Adj R-squared |
0.1227 |
|
|
0.3437 |
|
|
0.5091 |
|
|
| F |
F( 16, 394) = 5.37 |
4.75 |
|
|
F(18,392)=24.63 |
|
|||
| Prob > F | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
* Scales at the beginning of the reference period.
**BI >95 (Independence) is a reference category.
*** MRS (0–2 no or slight disability) reference category.