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The phosphorylation state of ERK was expressed as phospho-ERK to total-ERK. The BDNF results are normalized to β-actin. Sham group was set as 100%. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. ***p<0.0001, difference between sham and saline group on day 1; # p<0.05, ### p<0.0001, difference from day 1 within the same groups. **p<0.01, ***p<0.0001, difference between VPA and stress groups.
