Table 4. Risk factors for multidrug resistance among tuberculosis cases, Belarus, 2010–2011.
| Characteristic | Cases |
Univariate analysisa |
Multivariate analysisa |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % with MDR-TB | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 1075 | 47.6 | Ref. | – | Ref. | |||
| Female | 269 | 37.2 | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.000 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.657 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 15–34 | 328 | 49.7 | Ref. | – | Ref. | |||
| > 34 | 1016 | 44.2 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0)b | 0.046 | 0.7 (0.6–1.0) | 0.021 | ||
| Country of birth | ||||||||
| Belarus | 1293 | 45.3 | Ref. | – | – | |||
| Other | 51 | 51.0 | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 0.360 | – | |||
| Treatment history | ||||||||
| New case | 934 | 32.3 | Ref. | – | Ref. | |||
| Previously treated case | 410 | 75.6 | 6.5 (5.2–8.2) | 0.000 | 6.1 (4.8–7.7) | 0.000 | ||
| Level of education | ||||||||
| University | 43 | 34.9 | Ref. | – | – | |||
| College | 345 | 47.3 | 1.7 (0.9–3.0) | 0.080 | – | |||
| Secondary school | 887 | 46.6 | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | 0.087 | – | |||
| Primary school or lower | 69 | 30.4 | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.573 | – | |||
| Living conditions | ||||||||
| In own house | 1104 | 45.7 | Ref. | – | – | |||
| In rented house | 185 | 43.8 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.587 | – | |||
| In dormitory | 29 | 37.9 | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.345 | – | |||
| Homeless | 26 | 61.5 | 1.9 (1.0–3.8) | 0.069 | – | |||
| Household size (no. of members) | ||||||||
| 1 | 329 | 49.9 | Ref. | – | Ref. | |||
| 2 | 543 | 46.0 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.209 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.758 | ||
| 3 | 287 | 42.9 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0)b | 0.046 | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.184 | ||
| > 3 | 185 | 40.5 | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.020 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.266 | ||
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Employed | 401 | 42.4 | Ref. | – | Ref. | |||
| Unemployed but able-bodied | 659 | 50.5 | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.003 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.578 | ||
| Retired | 175 | 27.4 | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.000 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.052 | ||
| Unemployed due to disability | 87 | 59.8 | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | 0.001 | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | 0.010 | ||
| Student | 22 | 40.9 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 0.874 | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) | 0.417 | ||
| History of imprisonment | ||||||||
| No | 1145 | 42.2 | Ref. | – | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 199 | 64.8 | 2.5 (1.9–3.3) | 0.000 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.009 | ||
| Alcohol consumption (days of binge drinking)c | ||||||||
| 0 | 573 | 40.0 | Ref. | – | Ref. | |||
| 1 | 61 | 39.3 | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 0.914 | 1.0 (0.6–1.7)b | 0.977 | ||
| 2–4 | 264 | 45.1 | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 0.109 | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 0.770 | ||
| > 4 | 446 | 53.8 | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 0.000 | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 0.038 | ||
| History of smokingd | ||||||||
| No | 288 | 31.6 | Ref. | – | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 1056 | 49.3 | 2.1 (1.7–2.7) | 0.000 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.021 | ||
| HIV status | ||||||||
| Negative | 1249 | 44.6 | Ref. | – | Ref. | |||
| Positive | 72 | 68.1 | 2.6 (1.7–4.1) | 0.000 | 2.2 (1.4–3.5) | 0.001 | ||
| Unknown | 23 | 26.1 | 0.4 (0.2–1.0)b | 0.047 | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) | 0.173 | ||
CI, confidence interval; MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference group.
a All determinants were studied by logistic regression. Those whose P-value showed statistical significance (P < 0.05) in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis.
b The CI contains the number 1.0 because of rounding.
c Reported as the number of days in the previous month when the patient drank at least 5 units of alcohol.
d “Smoking” is here defined as the regular use of any tobacco product in the previous 5 years.