Table 1.
—Selected Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized With AE-COPD
| Characteristics | All Patients (N = 53,900) | All Cohort |
Matched Cohort |
||
| Early AB (n = 45,806) | Late/None (n = 8,094) | Early AB (n = 8,037) | Late/None (n = 8,037) | ||
| Patient characteristics | |||||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 70 (61–78) | 70 (61–78) | 71 (62–79) | 71 (62–79) | 71 (62–79) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 58.0 | 58.0 | 58.0 | 57.0 | 58.0 |
| Racea,b | |||||
| White | 75.5 | 76.2 | 71.9 | 73.5 | 71.9 |
| Black | 9.0 | 8.5 | 12.4 | 10.8 | 12.4 |
| Hispanic | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
| Other | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.6 |
| Principal diagnosisa | |||||
| AE-COPD | 90.0 | 90.0 | 92.1 | 92.0 | 92.0 |
| Respiratory failure | 10.0 | 10.0 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.0 |
| Admissions for COPD or respiratory failure in year priora | |||||
| 0 | 80.1 | 81.0 | 75.7 | 76.6 | 75.8 |
| 1 | 13.5 | 13.0 | 16.0 | 15.7 | 15.9 |
| 2+ | 6.4 | 6.0 | 8.4 | 7.7 | 8.3 |
| Attending specialtya | |||||
| Internal medicine | 53.5 | 54.1 | 50.5 | 49.5 | 50.5 |
| Family/general medicine | 19.4 | 19.4 | 19.3 | 19.8 | 19.3 |
| Pulmonology | 11.7 | 11.4 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 13.3 |
| Hospitalist | 6.9 | 7.1 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 5.9 |
| Other | 8.4 | 8.0 | 11.0 | 10.7 | 10.9 |
| Hospital characteristics | |||||
| No. of bedsa | |||||
| ≤ 200 | 19.4 | 20.0 | 15.9 | 16.5 | 15.9 |
| 201–300 | 17.4 | 17.2 | 18.6 | 18.5 | 18.5 |
| 301–500 | 36.4 | 36.5 | 36.1 | 35.6 | 36.1 |
| > 500 | 26.8 | 26.3 | 29.3 | 29.5 | 29.5 |
| Population serveda,b | |||||
| Urban | 83.0 | 82.0 | 87.0 | 86.0 | 87.0 |
| Rural | 17.0 | 18.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 |
| Regiona | |||||
| South | 51.9 | 53.0 | 45.5 | 44.7 | 45.4 |
| Midwest | 19.3 | 19.5 | 18.5 | 18.8 | 18.6 |
| Northeast | 15.5 | 14.3 | 22.5 | 22.8 | 22.4 |
| West | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 13.6 |
| Teaching statusa | |||||
| Nonteaching | 66.0 | 68.0 | 58.0 | 58.0 | 58.0 |
| Teaching | 34.0 | 32.0 | 42.0 | 42.0 | 42.0 |
| Comorbiditiesc | |||||
| Diabetesa | 26.0 | 26.0 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 27.0 |
| Heart failurea | 23.0 | 22.0 | 29.0 | 29.0 | 29.0 |
| Chronic pulmonary diseasea | 9.7 | 10.0 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 7.8 |
| Obesitya | 9.1 | 8.9 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.9 |
| Renal failurea | 7.9 | 7.6 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 9.7 |
| Chronic pulmonary heart diseasea | 7.2 | 6.8 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 9.3 |
| Alcohol abuse | 3.7 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.0 |
| Sleep apnea | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.8 |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.6 |
| Early therapies and tests | |||||
| Anticholinergic bronchodilatora | 60.0 | 60.0 | 56.0 | 56.0 | 56.0 |
| Short-acting β2-agonista | 78.0 | 79.0 | 76.0 | 77.0 | 76.0 |
| Long-acting β2-agonist | 38.0 | 38.0 | 38.0 | 39.0 | 38.0 |
| Methylxanthine bronchodilators | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 9.4 |
| High-dose glucocorticoidsa | 89.0 | 90.0 | 83.0 | 83.0 | 83.0 |
| Morphine | 7.4 | 7.2 | 8.2 | 9.0 | 8.2 |
| Loop diureticsa | 34.0 | 33.0 | 40.0 | 41.0 | 40.0 |
| Smoking cessation medicationsa | 11.0 | 12.0 | 8.7 | 9.1 | 8.7 |
| Sputum testinga | 9.0 | 9.9 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.0 |
| Arterial blood gasa | 43.0 | 44.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 |
| Brain natriuretic peptidea,b | 56.0 | 56.0 | 59.0 | 61.0 | 59.0 |
Data presented as % unless otherwise noted. AB = antibiotic; AE-COPD = acute exacerbations of COPD; IQR = interquartile range.
a
P value for the cohort < .01.
b
P value for the matched cohort < .05.
c
Additional comorbidities evaluated in models but not reported in tables include valvular disease, peripheral vascular disease, paralysis, other neurologic disorders, hypothyroidism, liver disease, peptic ulcer disease excluding bleeding, AIDS, lymphoma, metastatic cancer, solid tumor without metastasis, rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular disease, coagulopathy, weight loss, chronic blood loss anemia, deficiency anemias, drug abuse, psychoses, depression, and hypertension.