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S100B induces JNK phopsphorylation through RAGE interaction in a dose-dependent fashion. pJNK protein expression was evaluated in lysates of NSCs 30 min. following exposure at increasing concentrations of S100B (0.05–5 μM), by Western blot (upper panel) and densitometric analysis of corresponding bands (lower panel). Statistics show a significant dose-dependent effect of S100B on JNK phosphorilation. Different concentrations of RAGE blocking antibody (1:1000 or 1:10,000) reverted the effect induced by the highest concentration of S100B. Results are the mean ±S.E.M. of three independent experiments. ***P < 0.001 and **P < 0.01 versus unchallenged cells (ctrl);°°°P < 0.001 and °°P < 0.01 versus 5 μM S100B challenged cells.