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Binding results of monovalent ligands versus bivalent ligands. Binding of the ligands was tested via competition with Eu-NDP-α-MSH. A. Bivalent ligands (■) bind with a higher affinity than their corresponding monovalent ligands (▲). B. The affinity enhancement was calculated by the equation: EC50monovalent/2(EC50bivalent). Results represent the average of at least five independent experiments, each done in quadruplicate, and error bars indicate the standard deviation.
