(a) Alcian blue staining of a cross-section of carotid artery from SD rat at week 5 after injury. Square indicates the area where the cells were isolated. Scale bar is 50 µm. (b-c) The cells isolated from neointima in rat were stained for MVSC markers Sox10 and Sox17. Scale bars are 50 µm. (d-i) The cells isolated from neointima were subjected to differentiation assays and stained for SMC markers SM-MHC and CNN1 (d), Schwann cell markers GFAP and S100β (e), neuronal marker TUJ1 and peripherin (f), aggrecan in chondrogenic culture by using alcian blue (g), oil droplets in adipogenic culture by using oil red (h), and calcified matrix in osteoblastic culture by using alizarin red) (i). Scale bars of d-f are 50 µm. Scale bars of g-i are 100 µm. (j-o) Immunostaining of MVSCs isolated from human carotid arteries with antibodies against Sox10, Sox17, Pax-3/7, vimentin, NFM and S100β. Scale bars are 100 µm.