Table 3.
Adjusted Incident Rate Ratios for Emergency Room Visits and School Days Absent by Health Condition and Other Variables*
| Characteristic | ER Visits† IRR (95% CI) |
School Days Absent† IRR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Parental depressive symptoms | 1.18 (1.06, 1.32) | 1.36 (1.14, 1.63) |
| Asthma | 1.99 (1.90, 2.08) | 1.66 (1.59, 1.73) |
| ADHD | 1.25 (1.15, 1.37) | 1.26 (1.18, 1.34) |
| Age (yrs) | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) |
| Male gender | 1.09 (1.04, 1.13) | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Black | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.67 (0.62, 0.72) |
| Hispanic | 0.83 (0.78, 0.88) | 0.74 (0.70, 0.78) |
| Alaskan/Native American | 1.20 (0.96, 1.50) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.23) |
| Asian | 0.65 (0.56, 0.76) | 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) |
| White | reference | reference |
| Two-parent household | 0.81 (0.77, 0.84) | 0.82 (0.79, 0.86) |
| Maternal education status | ||
| <High School | reference | Reference |
| High School | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.00) |
| >High School | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) |
| Family income category | ||
| <100% FPL | reference | Reference |
| 100–200% FPL | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) |
| 200–400% FPL | 0.86 (0.80, 0.93) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) |
| >400% FPL | 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) | 0.81 (0.76, 0.86) |
| Insurance status | ||
| Public Insurance | Reference | Reference |
| No insurance | 0.75 (0.70, 0.81) | 0.82 (0.77, 0.88) |
| Private insurance | 0.70 (0.66, 0.74) | 0.79 (0.74, 0.84) |
|
| ||
| Year | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) |
Children in the sample 0–18 years old were weighted to reflect the complex sampling scheme of the NHIS. Children with asthma and ADHD were identified by parent report. Parental depressive symptoms were measured by questions assessing sadness, hopelessness, or worthlessness over the past 30 days among adult household members.
Multivariate poisson models for ER visits and school days absent were estimated for parental depressive symptoms, asthma, and ADHD and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, household status, maternal education status, family income category, and insurance status. Models compared individuals with given characteristic to baseline level or absence of characteristic.